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No. 9.
Price 35 Cents.
Frank Leslie, Publisher, 537 Pearl Street, New York.
Frank I.eslie’s
HISTORICAL REGISTER
OF THE
Centennial Exposition.
THE EXHIBITIONS OF THE WORLD.
■|HFi intiTnatioiml expositinu nf niir time is tlie euhuiimtiuii of a long Rprios of stops in couiiJntitivi* ox- liihition. The Lest jnethoJ, there- foiv, of nmviiig at a jnst conelii.siou as to the merits of oiu- own labors ill this (lire<‘tioii i; by eoinpaiisuu,
!■ j( 'I ami we pnrjiose for Ihi.s reason to
lay before onr readei's some exanii- uatitin of the history mid progi-e.ss of inteimatiomd exhibitioms from fii-st ibjtH't of eompotitive exhibitions is ono nut unworthy the consideration i>f Ihe reader, and, as it seems not iua2)l)roi)riatc at this tiuu' to extend even further om- investigations, we will seek to traei' the record of such exhibitiuas from the most recent inter- .
to last. The wholo f
national examples, away back to the more remote and simple illustx'ations among the ancients.
FAIRS.
The word “ fair” comes to u.s either from the Latin /orum — a market-iilnce, or feriw — holidays. The Romans established such maids ns these in all their ]irovinees. In those days the diflicultie.s of transportation jirecinded fre- (jneut markets, Riioh ils are obtained in onr time with perfect facility; and, fiirthermoixs these institutions were deemed sei'Niceable in the earlii'r stiges of society, and in nide and inland countries, A\diere. in the abseuct* of shoiis, it was ueces.sniy that somedhiug of this character •shoidd be established for the benefit both of merchants and of the general iiublic, In fact, so generally wuls the usefidnes.s of fairs admitted, that it boeaine customary
for Governments to grant ceidain privileges to them and sjiecial facilities were aftbrded tlnmi for the dis^iosal of jn'oiierty. To give them still gi'cater iiupoitunee, and, as it were, to “kill two birds with one stone,” these W(‘re originally lussoeiated xvith religious fe.stivaLs or holidays.
This praetieo has come down even to our day, the fairs of Enroix' being commonly fixed for some saint's day or other religions festival. In England, no fair or market eonld be luld in ancient times but by a gi-.mt from the crown, with the jirovisiun, also, that no two faii-s should iuk'rfere with or iiuiiede each other. 'N’avions laws ami enactments were made in reforenee to fail's. One of these was jieeuliar. A hnnn-ji'h sale made in the f;dr on market day tiimsfem-d the jirojierty to tlie vendee, no matter how vicious or illegal the title of the vendor might be. 1-iuler
DlilD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, 1S51.
HISTORIC. II REGISTER OF THE CEHTEHM II E.YPOS/T/O.V.
.ii;\vj;ls bi-;LOX(iix<i to thi: ixiha oumpaxy displaykd at thk i.oxdox iixiniiiTiox. i>oi,
niiv tlu' i-liiiin of tlic- Inivi'r was gooil jigiiinst j
any uiii- < till' kiiiK- Ami the better to exehule [
iiiju.stiee ilnviii^' these gatheriu^'s. a cotirt was cniiiiiioiily ' helil at the -.aine tune and jiLu-e with them, this enurt being called ill allusion to the dusty feet iif the
suitois.
At this court, aecoiints as to contracts, jmrchasc, and sale — were coiisidenvl. a.s also the jii.st weight and moa.snre provided. .V very iiujioi-taut sjuvies of these fail's in 1 England, and, indeed, on the Continent, was the cattle- I fair, of which instances ui'ciUTcd at least oneo a year in ^ dift'ercnt plaee.s — Exeter, Xon^ieh, Norfolk, Carlisle, for I
instance. The great St, Hurtholoinew Fair was formerly one of great importance, and was on<> of tin- nio,st interest- ing features of London life. As early as the time of William the Conqueror, there was established at St. Giles's Hill, near Winche-ster, England, a fair Avhich was apparently in.stituted fur the puiqio.se of adiling to the revenues of the Bishop of Winchester. In the time of Hemy III. tlii.s fair extended to sixteen days, and its jurisdiction covered a space of seven miles. The law concerning it provided that within the fair district any one who sold goods individnallv forfeited their price to the bishoji ; this continuing :us late as 1012.
The most iniportaiit fair on tin- contiiH'iit of Europe wa.« formerly that of Beuiie.iiiv. iu France, So highly wa.s this market considered that, in Fill. Philip of France coiii- plaiiuHl warmly to Edward II. that the merchants of England liad desisted fr<nn frequenting them, to the gi'cat ln.s.s of his subjects, and entreated his brother-monarch to persuade the merchants of his dominion to retiu'u to their former custom.
The most important Gcnnan fairs have been those of Frankfort - on - the - Main, Frankfort - on - the - Oder, and Li'ip.sic, the latter being more ])artienlarly a book-fair, and very cclebrati'<l. The East'r fair at Leiii.sic has been
CAXAblAX XJliBEh lltOPHY AT THK KuXbuX KXHIhlTIOX, ISOl.
HISTORICAL REGISTER
OE THE CEXTEHXLU. EXPOSITIOX.
3
LOKDOSr EXHllllTION, 1S51 — Til
commonly by the eutiri.* book trade of Germany,
and sometimes contimn-d throe weeks.
In Italy, tlie most noted fair is that of Hinijjfagliii. ii sea- port in the provinee of Aneona, at the inoutli of the Misn. Tiiis fair still exists, lasting from the 20th of .Inly until tlie 10th of August. It is atteudinl by English, French, (hu- mans, and othei’s. In Hungary, the most important fair is that of Pestli, which i.s the centre of Hungarian c<munorce.
Hut undoubtedly the most remarkable fair known to us is that of Nijni-Xovgorod, the foremost commerehd and manufacturing town in llussia, at the eonllnenee of the Oku and the Volga, seven hundred and fifteen miles from 8t. Petei’sburg, \dth whieh city, since lS(i2. it lias lunm oomu'cted by railway. Here i.s coiulueteil a great annual fair, ollicially opened on the 27th of July ; but, owing to the .slow arrival of goods, it is generally delayed in regard to its actual bnsinc-ss for sevi-rnl days. ,U tl«‘ time of this fair, the different nations are elivssifted in shops, on the plan of the Oriental bazaar. Thus, Chiiu‘se, Persians, meniuus, Euroiieau.s, and others, are found in their re- spective quarters. Many of the trausaetions here are conducted by barter. Tea is perhaiis the chief artiele of commerce, being brought from Kiuchta ; silks, etc., from China and India; and cloths, hides, innroeeo, eh*., fr<uii Rirssia, Imligo, jewels, and innumerable other artieles of luxury and for common use, are reiiroseuted.
Meanwhile, huge craft throng the rivers, betwci*ii whieh the town lies, varying from the gi'cat, Ori(>ntal-looking barges to the little canoes whieh eonvi'v imsseugers aeros-s the river. The little steamers hnv long strings of barge.s after them. The close of the fair is proclaimed by the lowering of the flag over the governor’s residenec, and a proecssion of cccle.siastics, in long robes, bearing banuei’s, etc., marehiug through the streets, proclaiming their blessing on the l)u.siiu*s.s that has been done and on the tradespGophi iuterc.sted. Tlie strange conglomeration at this scene of the natives of all countries, and the votaries of all religious, forms a scene not to l»e met with in any other part of the x\'oi*ld. The \-alue of the gnod.s disjiosed of during this fair is gi*eat, and seems to bo eojitinuallv on the increiuse. In IfiDT it amounted to illl.OOr), One humb-ed and sixty years later (1S57), it had increa.sed tt) .£14,000,000. In 18G3 the value of sides amounted to £10,700.000. The town where this fair takes place is ^•el•y ancient, liax’iug been founded in 1221 as a stronghold against the Bul- garians. Its prosperity dates from the year 1817, when the great fair was removed thither from SInkarief, x\’hen a fire broke out in the Litter pliu’e and destroyed the greater portion of the stores. Tlio population of the town is about 50,000, but during a fair it iuerease.s to upward of
2,000,000. It is of considerable imporhiucc to the rest of the world that from these ••twelve yeai-s’ fairs ” u.sually dat<* the most serious rtsitntious and epidemics of the Asiatic cholera, which wiU be found in their appeamueo in ■ tlie Unitoil States to appear at this distance of time from each other: as, for instance. 1832, 1843, 1854, and 18(30.
The ancient Greeks held fairs in conjunction with popular assemhlagcs for political puiqioses, as was the case in llmne. They were introduced into France as early u.s ; the fifth century ; the great fair of St. Denis being insti- tuted by Dagobert in G20. that of St. Lazare by Louis VI. . anil those of Aix-la-('hapelle and Tmyes about 800 ; in 000 ' they were established ill Flaiulei-s. Fairs for the sale of j slaves were quite common in Germany, and in the north of Europe geueiiilly, in 1071, and were I'ven eiieniu-aged in i England by William the (‘ompieror. Slaves were also sold at the fair of St. Denis, in Fnince, and French children were taken away to foreign countries in exchange. This trade, however, m'us prohibit«*d througli the influence of Batliilda, a wealthy freed-woman. This fair of St. Denis was coutimu*d till 1777, and was made attractive by the exhibition of a piece of wood taken from the ••tine crass,” whieh, of com-se. all Paris went to sec.
In the year 1780 most of the great fail's in Finnce were ubolishcil, and permanent markets took their jilaoe. But the fair of Beaiicuire still coiitiimc.s, its .sales amounting to ^ four or five million dollam niuiually. This fair is lu>ld from July 1st to July 28tli, and iiierchaiit.s come to it c\-eii from so far lus Persia and .bimeiiia there being os many as ■ 1011,0(11) people sometime.s hi attendance. Here the chief i article.s of commerce arc silks, wines, oil, almonds, luid i other fmit, wool, and cotton, In Holland there arc annual ' fail's of importance at Ainsterdani, Ilotti-vdaiu, and other | cities, A.s 1ms always been the case at ail of these gather- ■ iugs, they are the scene of a vast variety of side sliow.s, ' •spectacles, cheap theatrical representations and jugglery ; exercises, and other amusements for the edification of tlie visitors, wlio thus combine business ivitli pEmsurt*. Fairs are less frequent in Italy, Spain, and Portugal than in ■ other ]>arts of Europe ; that of the 15th of May. howeviT, ' at Sail Isadru del Campo, is still of importance, being held |
at the period when the annual pilgrimages draw crowds to that locality.
The fairs cf Lcijisic date from the twelfth ceutui'y, and ai-c the most frequenteil of any in Germany. The prin- cipal articles, of trade are sillv, cloth, cotton, china, glas.s, earthenware, dnigs, hides, leather, breaiLstuffs, dyestutfa, colora, oils, alcohol, coal, and paper. Easter is the cus- tomary .season for the booksi-llers’ trade-sale and settling of accounts ; but the exhibition of books formerly ccu- ucc'ted with fairs has fallen into disuse.
AIMEIIICAN FAIBS.
On the American continent fail's date from an early period. In imeiciit Mexico, where there were no shops, they vei-j' frequently attracted large crowds, and a par- ticular quarter of the city was allotted to each trade. The traffic at those faii-s was earned on iiartly by barter, and ])artly by meaii.s t>f a currency comprised indifl'er- ently of quills filled with gold du.st, bits of tin, T-shaped, and bags of cacao, each containing a specified immber of grains. Faii-s were regularly held at Azcapazalco, near the capital, where slaves were sold, and at Tascala were held gi-eat pottery fairs. The most important fair, hox\- evev, was held in tli.' city of Mi'xico, the number of visitors being estimated at 40.UG0 or 50.0110.
In Peni the Ineas iii.stituted fairs for facilitating agi'i- eiiltnral exchange. They took place three times a month in some of the most populous places, tlio trade being altiigetlier by barter.
At Puerto Bello, imw a Biiiall seaport town on the ni^rthern shore of the isthmus, four miles uoi'Hi of the towu of I’uuama. was fornu'riy held n gi'eat fair under the Sjiauish rule. The }>roduec of the west coast wa.s stored at Panama until the Spanish fleet was due at Puerto Bello, when a remarkable scene occun’ed at the latk*r pLu'e, to wliieh these weri* then trau.sportcd. Tints and huts were erected, and the place was at once transformed from ii mud village to an enormous camp.
Among the goods exposed, the jiroduet.s of Spain were oil, wine, cloths, silks, etc., whicii were exchanged for gold, silver, logM'ood, and other articles, wliich Mere sent back to Spain on the vessels xvlien they I'cturneil. In 173U, during the war betwi'cu England and Spain, the lueality of this fair ivas stormed by Admiral ‘N'eruou, and has since fallen into decay.
BAZAAU.
The bazaar of the East is essentially a fair, where articles are placed in practical competition. The u’ord is derived from the Pei'sian, and means murkel. Li Tiu'key, Egyjit, Persia, and luilia, portions of toM-ns are exclusively nxipro- priated to the bazaars, M-liieli consist of a connected series of streets and lane.s, sometimes vaulted, ivith high brick roofs, domes, or cupolas. Tlie porches of these vast mar- kets are commonly lined with small .shojis, in xviiich goods of little value are exposed for sale. Thu shops of tho bazaai's ai'e nothing more than little closets, six feet square and eight or ten feet high, entirely open in front. The OM'uer usually sits cross-legged on the floor or counter, ivitli his goods about him. aiTanged for his convenience as to movement. It is .s;iid that the Persian, Anneuiuu, and •IcM'ish shopkeepers of the bazaar are more obliging than the Turks, and more anxious to obtain custom : but the greater iiortion of customci’s prefer to di'ul with the latter, who seem to be more honest in their business methods. Trade commences here with daylight and ends at sundown. The bazaars are well 'watched and genei-.dly secured hy lucau-s of strung outer gates. Larcenies in these c.sttd)lish- mciits are almost unknoivu, and shopkeepei's do not hesitate to lea\'c their places unguarded during bi'ief absences. Various portions of the hazaur oi'e as.signed to different
200,000.
In 1873, during the progress of the fair, the place -was visiU'd hy tlie Duke of Edinburgh, mIio reiiiaiucd one week, and 'M’ss entertained by the govcmor-gi’neral of the prortuce.s. The duke is the first member of the royal family of Engliuid ivho has penetrated so fur into the i interior of Russia. 1
Among Eastern fairs the most important lia.s been that ! held at Mecca during the sea.son of the pilgi-iniage.s. Of i lati* tins fair has declined in importance, but is still eou- aidcrablc. At Hmilwar, on the Ganges, a locality chiefly imporiaiit for the nnmml Hindoo pilgi-iinnge for tlie ]>nr- , po.se of ablution — the season compri.siiig tlie end of j March and the beginning of April — a great fail- takes place ■ at this time. In ordinary years the attendance here amou,its to between tM’o and three hundred thousand ; but on the occasion of every twelfth year, -viliich is for some reason of special importance, the visitors number about
LOX'DOX EXHIBIl'IOS, 1951--EXb VIEW.
4
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENXIAL EXPOSITION.
trades. Xearly all the bazani's are supplied with khims, or coffee*hou.sea, to which the mcrehaiits re.sort ai'ti-v ciich trade {a fiushiun uot laitircly uukiiowii even in Europe and this coimtiyi. It is said that in Cunstantinople ladies sometimes provide for their private jjiu'se 1>\ embroidering liandkerchiefs and other neeiUework, the result of their labors being sold in the bazaur.s. Wonieu, however, are rarely seen in the bazimw, except those of the lower class, Jleu resort there for oouvei'siitiuu, and to pass away the time, us well as for actual business.
manufactures of Great Bi-itmn has been enormous. Bv a judiciou.s syste-ni of i)rize.s, native ingenuity and inventions were eueoimiged, and .some of the most prominent ai-tist-s and othere in England owe their rise to such eucom'UgcUicut on the pui-t oi the Society of Aits.
eaiTiestly the impi-ovement of the fishery hnde and com- merce in the British colonies, beside.s uD kimls of arts, sciences and manufactures ; and to this course London owes at present its magnificent daily supply of fish.
A fact iutcrestiug to Americans, in connection -with the etuly histoiy of the “Society of Arts," is given in its re- cords, to the effect that, on November 27th, 1755, Benjamin 'Franklin wrote a letter from Philadelphhv to the society, in Avliich he remarkwl that be W(jnld esteem it a gTeat honor to be admitted a coiTcspouding memher of the society, and, though it wius uot re<pm'ed that coiTospondiug mem- bei-s slioidd bear imy part of the expenses of the society, yet he desired that he might be i)ennitted to contribute twenty guineas to be apphed in iireniiunis.
In 1849 the S<xiety organized an iimmal exhibition of articles of utility, invented, registered, or patented during the jn-evioiLS twelve mouths, and the.se exliibitions have been continued ever since, "^liile this was being done in London, a simiku' movement wa.s being made in the city of Sluuich, Bavaria, where an Lidnstiial Exhibition was conceived in 1840, hut wu.s kej)t back by political dis- turbauct's until 1854, when it took place. To tliis any coutiibtition.s wei-e inrited, the exhibitors being pi-iniiiiuUy from Au-stiia, Pin.ssia, ftaxnin*, luid other coimtries. The building \\hich conhiimsl the exhibition was in the foim of a ci'o.ss, constmeted of inm. glass and u’ood. The length of the ]miin bnililiug wa-s 800 feet ; the main transejit 280 feet, height 87 feet ; .space occui>i<-d. 244,814 square feet. There were 6,800 exhibitoi-s, and the cost of the building wa.s 880,000 florins, But if the Industiial Exhibition, as an institution, proliably owes its existence to the valuable influence of the London “ Society of Arts,” it is to France that we must look fur the first actual illustiiitiou of this idea of public competition in manufactures ami arts,
The fii-st Industrial Exliibitiou, in fact, was held in Paiis
National and Stai‘e industrial Exhibitions.
Fnosi the idea of the gi'cat f-.iii- undoubtedly spruug that of the Lidu-strial Exhibition. The fii-st being held for ])rufit only, and being, in fact, only vast periodical markets for Ittiitcr and exchange, it iKJt nnuutnndly eumc to be thought that the same ])rix-e.s.s coulil b(> made use of for exhihitive and competitive jiuiposis. It was not. however, until a com])ai-atively recent period that this idea was ])ut into actual working ordt-r. and for inm’h i>f the use to whii-h it has been applied, and for the chief advantages which have been derived from it, we are indebted to the “London Society of Arts." This society was uvg-.uiized in 1758 by one William Slu'plev. an English drawing-master, a brother to the Bishop of St. Asai>h, and its tirat ineetiii'; was hekl in March, 1754. at a eoftee-housi? in t' event Gai'deu, and coutinned to bo held at such places for twenty years, when a building was creeted for it in the Adelphi, on the site of the paluee of the Bishuj> of Durlium. From its inception this society was patronized by tin- nobility of England, some nobleman of high rank being iJw-.iya ele<-ted president; and this continued until 1845, when l*rinc<- Albert took the chaii'.
The influence of this stieiety upon the arts and
.\mnng thc-so may be mentioned the names of Fluxmau, Landsi-er. .;Ulau {'lumingham. Mulreadv, Millais uudothei's. In particular. c\ ery effort was made on the part of the society to »nicoiuiige invention in its a])plieation to the :uts mal iiiaiinfactirres. Among other means for advancing ch'ilization, it may bo mentioned tlrat the society jjromoted
XLW XOlOk EXHIBIIIOX,
in 1798, and coinpi-isi-d. chiefly, specimens of arts and mannfixchuvs loaned by theii' owner’s. This display led to another during the same yeai', and the appoi’cnt utility and <‘\ideut SUCCCS.S of both thest' pvomjjted the more extended exliibitions vuidtT th<‘ Consulate, in 1801 luul 1802. There- after it was intended that these I'xhibirioiis should be tri- ennial, baton account of iuteiTuptioiis from political caii.ses tlu-y Were iiTcgnlar. In England local cxliiliitions were held in Manchester, Leeds. Birmiughimi, and other cities, in 1828, 1887, 1839 mid 1849. In Ireland the Koval So- ciety of Dublin bepui a series of triennial exhibitions of Irisii manufactures in 1829. Similar representations were held ill Ghent in 1839. iii Berlin in 1832. and Vienna in 18!i5. In 1852 a particularly successful cxhiihtion of Irish arts and mauufuctiu’es was laid at Cork, and in 1861 a very imjiortivnt exliibitiou of the industries of Holland was held in Haarlem, beside.s othei-s at Nantes, in Fniuce, and Flor- eiiet', in Italy. In 1863 an Tiiteniational Exhibition was held at Constantinople for the disjilay of TuvlcLsh products, and, tiiongh tliis was not important in the general sense of the woi-J, it was rendered attractive by tlii' display of beau- tiful jewels from the imperial paluee and si-i-.iglio. In 1864 there was an exhibition in Amshu'dani for the display of Dutch industries, ami in the .same year local shows of this chiu’acier were held at Malta, Calenttu and Lucknow, ua also a combined Spanish and Fivneh exhibition at Bayonne, The South London and North Loudon ^\ orking Classes Industi'iiil Exliiiiitions began in 1864. One of these was very important, liartng 934 exhibitoi's and 200,000 rtsitors dm’ing the eighteen days in which it was open. It netted a cleiu- jn’otit of £4,000. In 1865 there wa.s an industi-ial ex- hibition at Oporto, confined to I'ortugne.se manufactures ; and the same year New Zealand contributed an exliibitiou at Dunedin.
.\t about this time, also, there took place at Cologne a combined exhibition by Gennaiiy, Holland, and Belgium,
j/fSTORTCAL REGIRT/iR Of THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
6
Mr-Nic'H ExniniTios.
principally agricultural ; ami alsn an interesting <lispluy nf tishing-taclde, and iniiilcmcnt.s, at Bmilogup. Meanwhile, exhibitions wore being liclil at Binningliani, Nottingliaiu, Presh)ii, Manchester, mnl other English t<i\vns, -wliile in '^'ienna G13 priz<‘s were distributisl among l,()2n exhihitoi-s, and a clear profit avus nnuln of 2,000 llorins. Tlio idi>a con- tinued to spread, and. in 1H(JG, Sweden, Xonvay. Denmark, and Finland combined in a competitive display nf HciUidi- navian industry. This exhibition took place at Stockholm, thejuuncipnl manufactures shitwu being those in iron, steel, Avool and earthenwan'. The same year thei'c oecuiTed an e-.iiibition at Melb(«rne, where H.GliO exhibitors offered articles from South Australia, A'i<'t >ria, New Zealand, New Sontli “Wales and Queensland. The BiAiicilian Exhibition, which took 2>lace first at Peniambuco, and afterward at Itio •Taneiro, consisted mainly of mw jmiduets. In 18G7. a A'eiy curiinis cxliibition was iinuh; at Havre, xvlierc everything concerned in the fi.sheiies was exhibited, ineluiling fishing- boats and all airidiances for eming fish, making fisheniicn's elothes, etc. A still more imiioitaiit one was held there in 18()S, comprising the ilisiday of marine engines, nautical instruments, etc. Similar exhibitions took jdace during 1867 and 1868 at Agm, in India, at St. Petei-sbnrg, Ghent, and Berlin, wliile, in 1870, another was given at St Petei’sbnrg, disjilaying Bussian iirogi-ess in the manufacture of sk'el guns, annor-jilate, mils, locomotives, etc. During this year, also, jui lutereoloniid Exhibition was held at Sydney, New South Wales, which wjis iiiijiortaiit for its diHjilay of raw imiduids and preserved meats. In 1K71, a series of annual exhibitions was eonmn-need by the •• Italian ludustiial ,i.ssocLitioii " at Milan. This year, also, there Avas an exhibition at Lima, in 1’i‘im. of tlie industries of tin- South American Pacific States, mnl one at CordoAii, of Argentine, iiuln.stries, ami of fondgn impli'meuts adapted to dcA-i'lop local ri'sonrees. A similar disjday took ])laee at Bogota ill the folloA\-iug year.
In the t'nited States. Indn.stihJ E.xhibitions hiiA-e long been a feature in the progTc.s,s of State industrA'. The most important of the.se> being tlirise of the American Institute,
INTERNATIONAT, KNEOSITIGNP. OR WORLD'S I'.URS.
RETrnsiNr. to the A-aliiable serviee.s of the “London Society of Arts” to the cause of imlu.stry. Ave find that the fiiut “’World's Fair,” Avliieh took jilaee in the Ciystal Palace. London, OAved its exishaiee to the efforts of that , society. Wi> luiA-e Indore alluded to the election of the Prince Consort h' the Presidency of this Society, and it a\:is by his laboi-s ehiefiy that the exhibition. AA’hieh aac liaAc uoAA' to de.scribe. aa'us made the eroAA'uing featiu'e of the career of this orpuii/.atioii. In an adilre.ss before the ■ society, in 1840, Prince Albei-t declared that the time had noAV come for a great exhibition, “not merely national in it.s SC011C and benefits, but eomin'eheiisi\-e of th(> aaIioIc world.” In aeeonlanee AAith tliis -suggestion. I'lfiad; Avere made in the direction indicated, and, a-s a result, a Eoyal Commis-siou wa-s is-sned .Tanuary 6d, iS.jl'. and th > (>ui’en headed a sub.seriiition-li.st with tM.noi). The building, poji- i nlarly knmA-n a.s the Ciystal Palace, aaais ereetisl in Hyde , Park, from designs by Sir Josejili Paxton, being com])(3sed, exeejiting the tlooiing and joists, Avholly of glass and iron. This aa-us in 18.ol, the fimt i<lea of tin* <‘xhiliilion ImA-ing been broai'hed by the Prims' Conscu-t at a meeting of several gentlemen, members of the “ .Society of Arts,” at Buckingham Palace, tAvo yearn 'before. The I’rinee then laid before his liearei-s the jilan of a gi'.iud eoUi-etioii of A'arious iirodncts, to take jilace in London in 1851, for the iniqiose of “exhibition, eomi>etition, eonijiarison, iustrue- tion and cncoiiragemeiit." H<3 als>> suggested that eontri- Imtioiis .slionhl be elassi'd in four gi'eat groniis or divisions ; raAv materials, inaniifaetiire.s, inerehandise and nie<dianie;il inventions, Avorks of sciiljitnre and idastie art. These sug- g<>stioiis AA-ere afterward mnieil out alninst to the h'tter. , The Society of Arts adojjfi’d the seheiiie, aiul jmshi'd it foi- AV.ird Avith givat eaiiu>stne.s.s. Visits A\-ere made to many 1
di.stricts at home, and inquiries among foreign coimtries, looking toward the gi'eut result desii-ed. Impoiiaut meet- ings AVer ' held in Loudon, and the most eonlial spiiit Avas disjilayed by the mcrehiuits, baukera, and tradera of the metroiiolis, while in the iiroA'ineea the same sentiment pre- A'ailed to an iincx2>ected extent.
Subsoriiitions were raj)iilly offered, and the entire nece.s- sary guarantee fund Avas soon eoiitrilaited. The main ditlienlty aaIucIi iioav jireseiitt'd itself Avas \A ith rch'reuce h' the eliaructer of the Imiiding required. Conceniing this, it may be remarked, that Paxton’s model Ava.s, in fact, a mo.st felicitous inspiration, the general eharaeteristics of which haA’c goA'i'nied the eonstvnetiou of all exhibition Imildings ever since, I’axton’s i<lea aa us founded on that of a .siileiulid eonsi'iwatory. Avhieh he had recently erected at CliatsAvorth for the Duke of DeA-oiishire. His itlaii took the commis- sioners by storm, and Avas at once adoiiteil, and t.lu‘ IniiUl- iiig erected in aeeordanee AA ith it. This building AA'as 1,851 feet long, and 4<lS feet AA-hh-, A\ith an extc-iisioii on the north side I'dfi feet long and 48 feet Avidt'. The height of tlio central iiortiou aaus 64 feet, ami that of the trausejit in tho centre lits feet. Tin* i-ntire area Avas about nineteen acres, ami the sit<> chosen— Hyde Park avus fortunate in eveiy jiailienlar, of jio.sition. aeees.sibility ami loeulify. Tho materials in the Imiiding aa'ci'c iron. glas.s and A\'uod. The (jiiantities euqiloyed A\-ere : AATonglit-iroii, 550 tons; o:ust- iron, 8.500 tons ; glass, 000,000 siiiieiTieial feet ; A\ood, 600.000 feet ; total area of grimnd covered, 772,784 square feet, and that of the galleries. 212,100 in addition. The galleries Avere nearly a mile in length, and the tohd cubic ecjiiteiits of tho building 88,0O0,l)(H) fi'et. The building Avas eommeiieed ,S<‘ptember (ith, l.SuO, and aaus conqiletod Febniary Od, 1851. It eo.st .i:l7(>,THt0. and avius opened Jlay 1st by the Queen in iieraou. The Exhibition clo.sed October 11th. the number of visitors amounted to 6,107,000, aA-eragiug 48,506 daily. The gi-eatest immber on any one day was October 81h, 10‘.».760 — 08,000 being present at one time.
After the payment of all ex]ienses, the sniqilns fund from the exhibition Avas .i!15O,O()0. The nniulH>r of exliibitni-s exceeded 17,000, of AAliieh 6,566 AV<Te foreigiioi's. The building aa-iua sold after the eh>se of tho exhibition for £70,000. No record Avas kejit of Ihe sirtieL's exhibited.
Tlie foreign exliibitoiu oeeniiied tAvo-fiftbs of the s]>ace, and took uAvay three-fifths of the honora. In merclimidiso, metul, glass and porcelain Grc’ut Britain took the lead : in miseellaiieons mamifactures, textile fabrics and fine arts, foreign exbibitoi-s led. In ruAV materials fonlgliers took nearly four times as : uiny prizes as the nath'e.s. One of t!i(> ]iriiieii>al attraetioi.s Avas the Koh-i-noor, the gi’Cat croAvn diamond of England. This exhibition demon- strated one important fact. AA-hi<-h A\-as that the gi'cat mas-s of the i)oi>nlation, e\'cn iuelnding the eilueated, AA'cre in ignnraiiee of the tme character and importance of the relations of the arts t<i nianufaetiu'e.s.
The Crystal Palaei> Avas jmndiased by a comjiaiiy, and transferred to Syili'iihani, Avhere it avms ereete<l on an en- larged plan, and reopem-d by the (^ne<>n. June KHli, 1854, siiK'e A\-hieh time it has been devoted to liurticuJtural shows, monster concerts, etc.
DVBLIN INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1853. This exhibition oAVed its origin to lilr, William Dargan, Avho adAUiieed £80,()on for exjienses. The building avus 125 fiH-t long, loo feet A\-ide. 105 feet high, and, Avitli adjoining .smaller halls, cost .£48,tK)0. It Avas oiiened by
in Ncav York, fuimded in 1828. For many yeai's the an- imal exliibitious of tlie Institnti- Ai’ere in jiart agrieultiiral and p.artly hortienlturnl ; but lately tliey have been ehiefiy devoted to the industries and arts, iind ojien to exliibitors from all parts of the Union. These have constantly in- creased in magnitude and imiiortaner'. and have ac(inire<l the large.st aiailidile Ineulity in the city of Ncav Y'ork for their display, iuelnding Castle Garden and the Crystal Palace, the latter of Avhieh AViw burned, in 18.58, during tlm jirogi-ess of one of the American Institiib> Fairs, and all its eoiit(>uts <lestroyed. Of late yeai's the exhibitions liaA'e been hi'ld in the ])i'emi.ses knoAvn as the “Rink." near ‘'Centnd Park.” Avhieh has been pureh ised by the Insti- tute. This as.soeiation lias a fund of 875.()00 in Govern- ment Imnds and loans and city real estate, with an annual rental of 8l2.0tHI, These fail's are generally jmifitable. The Franklin Imstibite. of Phi!adel]>hia, Avas founded at about the same time. Avitli tlii' Ameriean Institute, and publishes a valuable jonnial. In Cinciiinuti, the local as-swiatioii has held five ummal exhiliifious, and the “ Medimiies' Institute, of ban Franeiseo. ' ten : Baltimore. Boston and Buffalo have also had sneeessfnl local Industrial Exhibitions, and for many yeai's nearly all the Comity and State Agricultiu'.il Societies havi> lielff fairs and oftt-red jirizes.
It is undoubtedly to tli(> I'nteiqirise and sucei'ss noh'd in tliese exhibitions, that the disidays on n gi-ander scale to wliicli Ave may iioav diivct atU-ntion, owe their origin. Tims, by snoeeeding stejis of eni'rgy and originality, the present olas.s of Exposition has been nmde practicable.
!
i
I'AUIS EXPOSITION, ISjj.
fi
HISTORICAL REGIS FER OF
THE CEXTENST. IL EXPOSITION.
thi' Lnrd-Lu-iitiniiUit of TivlaixT on IJtli. and
TpniiiimMl npMi until Oftoln-r 2'Jlli. The value rjf its enn- tonts at the lu-i"ht of the exliibitii m was estimated to be i!unn,(HV), of wliieh the fine arts ivjtreseiib-d £2fM,MM)l). X'p to that x>erind no liner colleffinii of paiutin<js had everlieeii gathered together in the kingdom. Tlie exhibition xvas exceedingly {’oinilnr. being visited by l.l.'iO.OOO i>eople : but it was not financially sneee.ssfnl. Tliis failuri- is believed to hiive been oiTiVsioiied by the eiivinnstanco that the jire- vailiug ehiunieter of tile exhibition m’.w too liigti for that of l the i)coj)le, It was neither national nor representative in , its nature, and, therefore, it did not arouse Iiisli symiiathy, i nor stimulate Irish industry, since it iifither xiortieipated in the one, nor represented the other.
XEW YOllK (TIYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITION'.
IS-jIl. j
The AmcricMn Industrial Exhibition of was x>mvly I a luivate enteipiisi'. whereas that of London, in IHdl. had been indursL'd and snst. lined by the Ooverument, court, and I ari.stoeriicy. while the (^>ueen in jiei'snu took in it tlu' live- j liest inteivst. and the Prinee Consort was its technical head. The “ Xew York Exhibition." on the eontr.uw. received no indnlgenci- from any source. (‘Xcei>tiug that tin? Cry.stol Palace was made a bonded warehouse, arid no duties were cluirged on goods imi»orted for the exhibition. On Jainnu'y
IVTElitOH -\-TFW op TWE PP’-ott T\-\Trc .\QrATU|->C AT TH
3d, 1852. the Coi-x>oiMtion of the City of N'ew York gi-antcd ir lease for five ycara of the jaece of ground known as •‘lte.servoir Srinave." on two couilitioiis. First, tied the building to be en-cted th •ivon .should be coiupased of iron, glass and wood : secondly, that the entnmce-fi.*e to the pro- posed exliibition should not exccsl fifty cents. ( )ii March the 2d. a charter of incorporation was granle<I for the •• As-sm-iation for the Exhibition of the ludustiies of all Nations." this being by enactment of the Legishdiire. Tire main provisions of this charter .«s-t forth that the c.ipital should be f?2<K.l,lH.Nt, with i)ermi.s.sion fo iianvase t" sdno.iMHi. jMiwer to award ])rizes. authority to iK-enpy any iv.il estate granted to the eompany. <.te. As au ilhistratioii of th" naiTow-iuiiided ide.r and jioliey of legislators, it may be remarked tlud this <-liai-ter wa.s not i-.Lsily obtiined. objec- tion being nmde to it. as it was "liostilc’ to doiiie.stie in- dustry," The following w.es tin- Boarl of Directors of the .•ompaiiy : Moi-tiurore Liviiigstom-, Alfre.l Pell. Aitgrrst Belmont. Alexander Hamilton. .Tr.. George Seliiivler. Alber-t .T, Anderson. Henry B. Dimhanr. M', C. M’ardell. .Tacob A. M esttawelt. Jam,'- A. Haiuiltou, Sanurel Nichol- son, Philip BrtrTowes. Johrrstorr Lixingstnue, Charles W. Foster. TlrtHidore Sislgwiek, XVilliam W, Stone. M'ilJiani MTietteu. John Dunham. 'Williaiu Kent. XVatts Shemiatt. J. W. Edmunds, J, J. House volt. Of this Boirrd, Theo-
ilnre Sedgwick was elected jrresident, aird M'iilianr M'het- terr hecretuy. A call for srrhscriirtions to stock being issuwl. the latter was taken up by rriirre tliari 150 iinlivi- dirals nrrd fir-nis, Nle.ssrs. Duncair. Sherirrati A Co., beiirg the agents. The co- (pendion of Eiu-nireau nra- iiufactirvei-s wo-s obt.dued by i.)>l>oiirting pnrircr agents; and Sir .Joseiih Paxton, rvlro bad designed the London Crystal I’alaee. was calli'd itjHiii to funiish the iilans for that of New- York. The fonii of the groiuid selected . pri'veritirrg the adoption of this jilait. orre w;us selected from a number ofleivd. The orre st'lected was desigircd by Messi's. Ciasteiiseii A Gilde- meister. M'ork wiLs commenced the latt»?r ])art of Airgnst. On October 30tli, 1«52. the fii-sst cohurm of the buililing WO.S jilaced with approjrriate cercnrniiies. in the jrresence of the Governor of the State of New York, atrd other uo- tabilitie.s. This huildiirg wa.s two stories in height, the fir^st being in the form of au oc- tagon. arrd the secorrd that of the Greek ero.ss. In the centre was a dotrre ITS feet high. The four comers were octagon - .s1ai]H'd. ami each front laul two Iowit< seventy feet liigh, sni'portiug tall tlagstatis. The coustnrctiori of irorr <-olninii.s. girders, etc., was .similar to that of the Loudon CrystjJ Palace; but the plan of the dome was original with the ar-
cluteet.s. The jnaiii building
covi-red 170,000 sc|nare feet, .^.m;
and an additional one 33,(HIO
square feet. This latter building was composed of two stories, and Avas 21 fept broad and 45(1 feet long, lighted from above, the sides being i'lotS’d U]>. It was used for pictures, uiid was eoimeeted with tlii‘ main building by two tme-.stoi-y wings, in A\liieh were re- frc'sliment-rooins. The I’eil- ings of this building were of gla.s.s, snstiviimd by iron jiillars, there being 4.5,0()() square feet, each xvav being 1(1 by .38. The prevailing style of nrehitceture Avas Memrish ; the deeoi-ations Byzantine; the ceilings Aveve jiainted in blue. Avhite. red and cream-color. There Averc tlirce eiitnmces 147 feet AA-ide : the (•(‘iitral aisle was forty-one nnd the side aisles fifty-four feet in A\idth. The d.iine AA'ii.s one hundred fe<-t across. The Crysbil Palace Avas fonnally oitcned on .Tidy 14th, 18.53, but was not them entirely conijileted. and only a few of its cmniilenient of articles Avi-vi' in. In the im- mediate vicinity of the local- ity AVere found the usual Cl unjilii-atii >n of side-slu iavs, spciMilatol-s. croAvds. etc., throughout the 2"-'i-iod of the r'xhibition. Among the notables Avho were ]u-esent at the ruumiiig, a fcAv may be mentioned as follows:
Ih'esidi-iit ITercc ; .Tellersou D.iA-i.s, then Seeretan- of \Var; Caleb Clashing, the At- torney - General ; Honorable S. P. Chasi' : Nlajijr-Geiieral Scott ; John C. M'lJl : Com- modores SteAvart and Boor- man; Hoi-atio Seymour,
Go\-enior of Ncav Y'ork ;
George F. Post, Governor of New .lersev ; HoAvell CV)bb, Govern.)!' of Georgia ;
Arehbishox) Hughes ; BishiAxi
Waiiiright ; Judges Bott.s. Edmunds. Oakley. Roo-ses-elt and others. Lord and Lady Ellesmere and (hiughters ; General Almonte. Minister from Mexico, and NI. De Sar- tiges, French Minister ; Senor Deosma, PeruA-iim Jlinister ; Jlayor Westoiwelt and otliei-s. On the evening of the day it oi>cued, a grand banijiiet was given at the JIetix)politan Hotel, Avliich Avas attended by the President of the United Stute-s and membei-s of his Cabinet, and about six Inuidred imited inie.st.s. The olas.sificatioii of ariicles iii the Cn’stul Palace was in four .'••cHoiis. (.)ne in niAv materials, Uie, second in njachiuei-y. the tliii'd in inanufaetuves. the fo\irth in fine ai-ts. The Crvstal Palact' was imiployed for various uses after tlm closing of the industrial exhibition, until 1858, Avheii. on the oeca.sion of an exhibition by the; Amerii'au Institute, it took fire, and aa-ius totally dt'stroyed with all its eontent.s. The fire beg.m in the lumber- room. u.si'd for the stor.ige of lumclies and other fur- niture. and although it might, at lii-st, luiA-e been extin- guished AA-ith a jateluT of Avater. yet, in le.s.s than half an hour, the thmies had reduced the eiitii'e building to a .shapeless nmss of rains. Once. start<-d. the fii'u inn along the piU'h-pinc lloors as though they were so uuieh tinder, lUid scarcely alloAved time for the throng of visitors, who wore xATesent, to saA'c themselA‘e.s, before the aa'IioIc buil!l- ing fell into rains.
PALIS INTEHN.mON.VL EXPOSITION. 1855, This exhibition, Avhich avus foundi'd on the plan of that in London, in 1851. aams organized Aritli the undoi-standiug that the Gmenmumt avus to bear the <mtire cost oAvr rc- ceqit-s. and have the api»iintnamt of the Commission. The building aa'ius civcted in the Chanq's ElyscT'S, of glis.s, .stone, and brick ; it Avas 81'0 feet long, 35(t feet Avide, and eom- jirised, also, other adihtioiial buildings for machinery, jiiiinting. etc. In the main buililiug goods Avere an'ang<-d and clas.sifi.-d according to the countries from Avhieh they came, on the plan of the London exliibition. Niunerons small structures Avere erected for spwial artieles— as i-ar- riagi-s, agi'ii-ultural iniiileraeuts, i-tc. The siiaci's in the oiK-n gi'ound about the buil.ling AVi-re also devoh-d to ecr- taiii articles. The cost of the buililing Avas S5,00U.(XH) ; the opening eeremony took I'lnei- 51;. y 15th. and aa'u.s
I>resi.Ied ovi-r by the Emperor Napoleon and EmprifW Eugenio. The building remained open until NoAcmbev .5th, being A-isited at one time by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert -this lu-ing the fii-st A'isit of an English soA'cr- eign to I’aris since H.mrA- V.. avIio pa.s.sc.1 Christma.s therji in 14'22. This exhibition Avas k.-])t open on Sundays, an^ the enth'c number of Avsitors aaus 4,5:33.4('i4. The number of exliibitom from France and her colonies Avas lO.OlU ; of foreign exhibitors, 10,008. rcpre.seiitiug nearly 53 countries and 22 colonies. The exliibition A\-as vei-y successful as a
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
Y
THE (JillME ur BELLS IN THE PABK AT THE I'AKIS EXIOMlllOi;
Ri-aiiil illspliiy, an<l of pours*' a vast amount of money iviis expcuilecl in Paris by tlu? strangers wlio came tlicre, and tliis may be reasonably consiilereil to have been umpk- eom])eii- satioii for the financial failure of the exhibition itself. Of the medals awarded, France took the hugest nniidKT,
9,790; Engkud next, l.OfiS ; then Austria, :S(i2 ; the smallest number being awarded t<j the United States, 140.
These awards were for industry, arts, and misci'Uaneoua nmuufuctures. Of the medals awarded in fine arts, 1,000 were taken by French aitists. the larger number of the remainder g<.*iug to England.
LONDON INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, lSf',2.
It was originally iutendeil that the f'rystal Palace Exlii- bition, of 1K51. should have been the first of a deeeiininl series, but the It dian War ])ostpo!M‘d the next exhibition for a year. As early as ISOO. a ChariiT of Incorporation was issued by the Crown an<l Royal t'ominiH.siunei-s, under the Presid’'iiey <if the Prince Consort, a guaranti'e fund of i!451,000 was readily fonued, tin- Prince Consort himself HUbseiibing ,t!10,000 of this nniouiit.
Tlia death of Prince Albert, which occum-d December 14th, IHOl, besides being a profound blow to England, and a loss felt by the whole civilized world, w.is a most serious and deplorable oceuiTcnce in its relation to the forthcniuing exhibition. To Prince .Albert, entivi-ly. the scheme of in- ternational exhibitions, in its final nuinifestition, is un- doubtetlly owing, and he, more than any otlu'i' peison in Englmd, ha»l labored for the advancement of imlustry and for the interests of th(' laboring eliw-scs. The loss of his counsel was sadly felt by the Royal Commission ; but the progress of the exhibition Wius not detained — tlu' building wiw erected at Smith Kensington from jdans furnished by Captain Puwkes, Royal Engineer, con-sh-ucted of briek, glass and iron, and covering an area of 1,4011,000 square feet, or sixteen a<‘ves <if gi-ound. The stnictnre -was 1,200 feet long and oi>0 wide. Mith additional annexes. Com- ))ared with that of Sir Joseph Paxton, this liuilding i.s sidd to have been a wTetched shed. The exhibition was opened with due oerciumiy on May 1st. lS(i2. tlu‘ Dnlu' of Cam- bridge jiresiding. It eoiitiiined ojieu 177 day.s, during whieh lime there wi-re 0.211. Infi visitm-s, the largest nnm- b.T on any one day being 07, SOI, on Oetober fiOth, and till' daily average 110.320. The eiitii'e sum reeeived by the Cmnini.s.sionei's was .WoO.OlU, whieh was entirely absorbed by the expenses, leaving a slight defieit to be eovered. This loss was wholly due to the gi'cat cost of the buikbng, wliich wa.s intended to be penmmeiit, but Wius subsequently demolished, and the material used in the coiistmction of the Alexandra Palai'o, whieh was destroyed by fii-e, -Time 9th, 1S73. There were at this exhibition 17,801 foreign exliibitora. who took 9,344 prize.s ; of the balance, British and Goloiiial exhibitors took 4,071 prizes.
PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, 1807.
This exliibition wa.s ori- ginated by an iuii>orial de- cree of June 22d, 1803. in wliieh was amiounceil the fact that an cxliibition would be held in 1807, at Paris, and that it was desigin'd to be more completely univer- sal in its character than any of its predi'ce.sHiii's.
With a riuw to this in- tention, notice was given far in advance of the time, to give iimiile opportunity for mature considi 'ration and ii'rtection, ami for the ar- rangement and parrying out of the m'ce.s.suy i>rcpara- tions. A second decree followed ill 1805, aiipointiug the Iinpeiiid Commission, and forming agmii-ies at home and abroad. The Commis- sion con.sisted of sixty members, including three fi'om England— Lord Cowley. Earl Granx-ille. and l^Ir. Richard Cubdeii. The Champs de JIara was placed at the disiiosal ' of the Commissionera by the Government, and thereni>on wa.s erected a one-stmw building, of oval shape, in which the entire exliibitimi wius included. This building eum- pri.sed vast aeries of coiieentrie ovids, inclosed xritliiu the main outer building, and lanung within the innermost of 1 the serie.s a pavilion ojien to the air, eneireled by a eoloii- I iiade. The main Imildiug was l,o50 feet long, and l,2o0 fi't't wide, eovering eleven acres, while the I'litiiv area built upon w.is thirty-five acres, and sevi-uty acres suiToundiiig were partly laid out a.s a gardi'U, sprinlded with all sui't.s of , small 1 luildings, iui'hiding modi'l eottages. restaurants, theatres, and even jiLices of worahip. The clussifii'ation was as follows ; Firat floor, works of art : second, models of the liberal arts — such as j)riuting, Hurgii-al, si'icutifie and other iuHtnuncnts, ek\ ; third to hmischold goods ; fourth, clothing; fifth, raw materials ; sixth, machineiy : seventh, cereals. From the centre, aveiiue.s radiated like spokes ill a wheel through the ovals, aud spaces be- tween tlu'se avenues were iussigued to the difi’ereiit eountrie-s, so that visitora making a tour of each oval could compare the produc- tions in ciieh class of thi' diffi'i'cnt countries. The ex- hibition was fonnally oiiened by the Emperor Napoleon, Ai>ril 1st, 1867, and elo.sed in liki> inamier October 31st. There were .30, 226 exliibitora and 10,200,000 x'Lsitoi's ; 12,944 medals and grand prizi's of honorable mention were given, of whieh the United States exhibitoi-s received three grand prizes, seventeen gold nn'dals, sixty-six silver, and ninety-four bronze. The exhibition building cost about $4,00(1,000, uf whieh the tiovernmeut paid $2,500,000. The receipts for admission, etc., were $2,000,000, mid there ri'sulted, as was elaimed, a jir.ifit of $600,000,
LONDON INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1871. |
This was the third of the originally prnjiosed decennial ’ series of English exhibitions, and the tirat of a newly inn- i posed annual .serie-s, each to be devoted to specified branches i of industiy. It was opened ! on May 1st, 1871, and elost-d I September 30th. One million ! one hundred and forty-two thousand pei-soiis risited tliis , exhibition, there being 4.000 fine art, and 7,000 industrial, | entries on the part of exhib- ! itors — thirty -thrae foreign '' eouutrii's being represt'uted. | There were im prizes, and ' the reeeiiit-s of the exhibition equaled its expen.-'cs. The ' second of the new series took place in 1872, and was de- voted to luis eomii'cted with printing, paper, music and limsieal instnunent-s, jewehy. cotton goods and tine aiks. This was foUowi'd by tin- | third ammul exhibition in 1873, wliieh made a feature ’
of cooking. And its apparatus. A school of eookci'j' was opened in the exhibition, and lectures given. The ex- hibition remidned open from Api-il 14th to August 15th, aud was attended by 31,784 persoms.
MOSCOW EXHIBITION, 1872.
The groat Russian exliibitioii was organized by the Jloseow rolyk'chiiie Society, under the patronage of the Rus.siiiu Government. It was on a large scale, and admir- ably managed. Its variou-s buildings ueeiiiiied a space of two English miles. In its ammgement the greatest .skill was slituni ; its classifioatiou is .said to have been the best and most scientific whieh has ever yet been attempted. Each .speeiid gi'oup of objects had sejiaratc buildings.
VIENNA INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1873.
This, the grandest exhibition of the kind over yet at- temi)t*'d {to be excelled only by the United States Centen- nial Exhibition of 1876), was oiH’iied May 1st, 1873, by the Emperor of Austria, in the PratiT of Vienna. The jmzes were distributed August 18th, aud the exhibition closed October 31.st. It should be obser\-ed, uith regard to this pxliibitiou, that its iirogress was marked by unforeseen difficulties of a most serious nature — the prevalence of a severe cholera cjiidemic aud a financial oiisis ojicrating together to militate' against its suecoss. The main exhibi- tion building was constructed of brick and glass, and was 2,085 feet long, 82 feet xride, and 521 feet high to tlie central dome. Opi'niiig from this were 32 transverae gal- leries, 250 feet long and 49 feet wide — the entire stnictnre presenting a form not unlike that of the spine of a fi.sh witli its lateral jirojectiug bones. Tlieve was beside this a machinery annex, built srith briek. 2,614 feet long. 155 feet 'nide, bi'siiles a large fiue-Qvt hall and muuevons smaller buildings. TIk' tniiLsverae soelious were devoted to the
iliffereut countries in the. order uf their geographical posi- tion. About sixty acres x\‘ere covered by the buildings; the average of daily \-isitovs was 40.000 ; the main building, with the court between, and gaUeiios, covered 230,000 square yimls. In its cla.ssifieation this exliibitioii followed, nearly, till' plan of those of London and Paris. There were 643 ex- hibitora from the United States, and the.se took -349 prizes, of whieh the Inteniatioiial Bureau at Wariiington, the Lighthouse Board nf the United States, the State of Ma.s- .saehusett.s aud city of Boston, for si'hool sy.stem, and the School of the Smithsonian Institute, uf Washington, received grand diplomas of honor. The entire number of <'xhibitm-s was about 42,584. this being exclusive of Orien- tal countries, the total number of visitora to the exhibition being 7,254.687. The cost of the exhibition was more than $12,006,000. The original Govenuneut aiipvopriatioii was $3,000,000, with the piDvision that it i\'uuld not be ex- ceeded, uu<l, as the veceii>ts barely paid nimiing expenses, there was a deficit of about $9,0(tO.OU0. Ailih'd to the eauses of this failiue, to ivhich we have already alluded, should be mentioned tin' inadeijnate iieennunodation fnnii.shed to visitor.s by the city of Vienna, and tlu' extravagant cast of lixfing. The ‘\'ieunese seemed to tliink that the entire world was ubont to risit their city for the jnuqMsc of being plucked, and acted accordingly. The rt'sult of this gi-eed and rapacity wiD probably deter other localities from a similar eoiu'se in the future.
This ehxses our brief abstract of the histoiy of iudustiial effort in the direction of public exhibitions. In xwefacing this with a .sketch of the entire history of exhibitive iiro- gi'e.ss ill the world, we hax-e desiml to indicate what seems to havi' been a natural drift of iirogi'oss iu tliis direetion.
From the public markets, fairs and bazaara. whieh date back among aneieiit times, and whieh weri' designed in tlie period of dillieiilt tran.sportation to facilitate barter aud exchange, down to the international exhibitiun of uiir day. wliieli is jiuvely exhibitive and not of a trade character. w<- find a series of legitimate stejis, always advancing in the
«Jv#r
mSTORFCAL RF.arsrF.R -OF TIIF CFXTFXXIAL EXPOSmOX.
same direction and teiuling to'waxd the same gTiUid result — the spread of knowledge among the different peoples of the eai-th cf>neeniiiig the inh'iuieenient made- hy i-tieli in iinlustiiid lalKir. in the arts of design, and in the cultiuv mid u<liiptution of the t“arth‘s jirotlucts to the invessitios of inaii- kind. In the eavlii-r stages of this jiro- gl’ess it was neee--.iiy to offer iudneeineilts to enalih'tlie gatlieiiiig of large iminlters of peo])le from ilistmii'es wide aivart, and then'- fore the jmrehase and xde of goods ex- hihited were particularly a feature of the • Kvasioii, But as the world heeanie rielu-i'. transportation freer, and tlie mind- of men more wide'preading in the aml'itions thiist for knowledge, the necessities t<H' tliis fe,'- tniv no longer existed, and it was fmuul tint vL'itoi-s, liy nasou of this, wonlil tra\el va.st distances only to see and not to pnr- elutso the products u£ the ingenuity and eoiistnietive skill and indastry of their i:a;ru:v
frliow-nieii. In the (.'eiitennial Exposition of iHTh. it is to he Imped that we shall witness the eiil- minatiou of all the better featiu'es of iuteruatiunal ex-
^^ith a view to lay before the Amrrieau pinple and the world in geueml a eomi'lete and authentic record of the
in importance to none of tlie same character wiiich the world ha.s c“ver witiiDs.scd. "With this design, wo shall liisit proceed to offer a history of the Centennial Exposition from it.s iiK-eption to the time of thi' jireseiit pub- lication. .Snell a histoiy. ns will be seen, offeiN a libend (luaiitity of matenal. and, as well, immerous subjects full of interest for detiiUsl illn.strution. The gindnal stniggli' into being of an eiiteiprise .so vast, affords. I'veji in it.s most minor iniitieulm's, indica- tions of the idnio.'-t Miiieilmmaii elieigy exer- ei.sisl in it.s coiidnet. In the episodis and ineideiit.s eonneeti'd with this liistoiy uill 111’ therefore found a fund of pleas.mt fact for the eonsideiiition of thereadi r. From this ]H>int it is inb’iided to eomiili’te the liistory of the rnited States Centennial Ex]>o.sition by a •• Historical ilegister" or •■Reconl" of the result of its efforts, to lay before the world, at a glance, a com- plete panorama of Anu-rienn iudustiial progi’cs.s dunng the pa.st centmy As early as tlie year 1800 occun-ed the lirat sugge.stion.s of an Amerieau celebration, to take place in 187G, "witli a ^ iew
THE EMPBE.SS EUOEXIE’S PAVILION ANli OllAXl) COXSEUVATOUY i.
liibitive effort, and while presenting all the best features of I jirevions exliibitious, avoid flit* errois and imperfections i whic-h liave too freijnently detracted from their sucee.ss.
CKN'TENNI.VI. ExroSITIOX.
Tiir. hUtury of this cnteiimsi' is that of a gigantic imdert.-iking. whose origination is attrilmtable to no one mind, but was seemingly the outgrowth of the .spon- biueoiis •• liapjiy thought " of the entire Ainc-ricau people — an undertaking com- menced and pnraued in the face, not only of inniuueral'le difficultic-s reasonably to be expected, but also against veiy many which were totally niiforespcii -an undertaking wliieh met with a degree of opposition on the I'.irt of the i>re.s.s, and in many other inrinential ipiartera which had been cer- tainly nnlooked for — an midertaking, fin- iiDy, wliieli, desjiite all the imtagonism it has avonse-d .and nil the obstmctix'c elements by which it wits met, has been pursued to eomplete fniitiou \utli unexampled excel- lence of judgment, fertility of resource, and energy of ; jiatiiotie determiiiatiun.
origin and jirogress of this magniffeeiit conccjitii.m. it is designed to collate from the olHeial autlmritie.s everv fact of |
of commemorating the fir-st centennial of Ainerienn free- dom and national unity. Iii this conneetion we may jirop- rrly give the following extract from the Ib’jiort of the X'nited States Centennial Commission to Congi’eR.s Febninry. lS7d:
“I'lirly in IHlIG, Geiienil Cli.ii’les 15. N-Tti ii, a I’liili'il States (’ominissji.ui'r to tlie Paris ex- liiliitinii, ]>uMislicil an iiiiiele in (lie .UiQln- Aiiii'i-ifitii Tinn's nnd dmi-llP. ill
wllieli lie stri'ngly I'eenmilielnli'cJ tlie n’lel'lll- tien i.f till- line liiiiulreilth aiiiiivei-sary of our iiiitepeiuieiK-e l»y ail iiiteniatioiml I’xliiliitinn. These vii’ws of (ieiiiTiil Nnrlou were jiresi’iiteil lo the Anierieim Institute. Mew York, by Hon. D. S. Gregory, but no immciiiale action was taken.
’’ Profe.-isor Joliii L. t’amiil"'ll, of tVabasli i 'ul- b'ge, Crawfonlsvilb’. Iinliaiia. inbire-se<l an in- teresting mill sugge.-tive . oniiiiuiiiealiini ..n the subject to the Hon. Morton .■HcMielniel, at the time mayor of Plilla<!cl|ihia.
-In lKf.O. ('obuii’l .M, Itiehiinl’- Mtiekle, of Philiiileliiliia, ndvnnei.'il the suggeMion iluil a gnuiii imisieal festival shnuhl be tic.' distin- guishing Katuie of the cek'bnUion."
Occasion! J hints toward some national display to commemorate onr Centennial apl>eared in the newsjmi'ora of the day; importiuice bearing thereupon, and nswell to !5ct domi each I and, at la.st, oven tlie character nf the jiroposed celebra- detail which shall ,secm to In- illustrative of an event sccoinl 1 thni wins dimly iinlictited. Wiieh nllnsions began gradually
HISTORICAL REGISTEIt OF THE CEXTEHKIAI. EXPOSITION.
11
to fastiui tliemselves upon the miuilsj of tljiuking men something of a definite nature ; and, in 1871, the Franldin Institute of Philadelphia concentrated the various crude notions ivhich ^'ere afloat conccniing the ndiolc matter in a petition to the muuicipal authorities of Pliila- tlelphia for the use of Fairmc>nnt Park as a hx'iility wherein tocelcbrah.- our national ceutemiiul. The result of thispeti- ^ tion was the appointment of committees from the Phila- ' dclphian Councils to entertain the proposition ; and this w.us Kpeedily seconded hy the Pennsylvania Legislature. ; which mi'inorializcd Congi-i'ss to the following otYcot : '‘To take such a]>propriate action as will carry into <-fTcct the celebration of the centennial annivei'S.'U'y of American in- de|iendi'iicc at the city of Philadc-lphia. . . . by an '
international exhibition of ait.s, inanufaetiircs and i>roducts of the soil and mind.” This memorial was duly placed be- • fore C- ingress, and the schtunc generally advocated by committees from the Penn-
sylv.iniii Legislatun'. tlie Philadelphia Coun- • .
eil< and the Franklin Institute, with tin- mayor of Philadelphia.
At once opposition was mad<> to the ]ihui sugge.sted, on the part of representatives from other localities, who aflected to con- Kid'-r the claims of these for .selection, in place <if PhUadelphia. ns ccpially good at least with those of the latter city. But on .Tmie Ititli, 1870, the Committee on Jlanu- fiM.“tnres and that on Foreign Affairs, of the House (jf Kepresentutives, visited Phila- delphia. Here arguments were adduced, in favor of the proposed choice of locality, sufficient to iminx'ss the minds of the.so represcutistive.s with the views cntciiaimsl by those who had made the suggestion; and the committee returned to Washington ^\ ith a report in favor of the advantages of Philadelphia for the 2>uip)03c, and recom- juended it being made the scene of the l^roposed exhibition.
It was not, however, until JIarch 3d, 1871, that Congi'ess ]'!issed the following Act, creating the United States Centen- nial Coinmis.sion ;
• lu ,l('/ Id pyoi'iilr fur rflflirdllng the One IfHihlrrillh Jiiuivrmari/ Ilf AiiirririiH liulrpfii'lriicr, hij hiildiug oa lulrninlii'iial Kahili- Ihii «f Arts, ^[t^ltllflU•h^rrx and Products of the !>Dil awl Miiir, 111 the L'lli/ of Pliihldelphia, ami Slate of Penns’jlvania, in the gear eUjhteeii find seveitlg~dx.
WiiK.fKAS, The Declaratiua of ImlciienJence of the United Stall’s of America wa.s iircparod, sigm-d, ami iiromulnutcd ia the yi'iir .seventoon Inindred and seventy-Bi.\, in the City of I’lnlailcl- I'liia ; and whereas it liehooves ttie people of the United State.s to celebrate, Ijy appropriate ceremonies, the centcnniul anniversary of this memorable' and decisive event, which constituted tlie fourth ilay of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and .sev-
enty-sis, Iho birtliday of ttie nation; and wiiorea' it is iloi’med fitting tliat tho comiitetion of the Ilrst century i >f our national I'x- istonco shall bocommemomted byarv exhil)ition of the natural re- sources of tho country ami their development, and of its j>r<igre.ss in tlioso arts which beiiellt mankind, in comparison with those of older nations ; and whereas no place is so appropriate for .such an exhibition ns the city in which occurred the event it is designed to commciuonitc ; and whereas as tlie exhibition sliould li.'ana- tional eolebrution, ia which tin- people of tlie whole <.Hintry .--liould participate, it -slioiilci liave tlic suiiction of tlie Congress of the United State.s : therefore.
.Section 1. J/e it enacted hy the Senate and House nf Uepresen’n- th-esnf the I'nited States nf Aiaeriea in Congress asseinh'tsl. That an oxliibitinn of American and toreign aits, jiroduets. and maniifae- turus, sliall lie held, under tlie au.spk-es of the Ooveriiniont of the United Suites, ill the City of I'hiladeljiliia, in the year eigliteen liundred ami acveiity-six.
Sec. 2. Tliat a Commission, to consist of not more titan one delegate from each State and from each Territory of the United
States, whose functions shall continue until the elose of the lyx- liibilioii, sliall be constituted, whose duly it slnll 1k> to prepare and superintond the execution of a plan for holii.ng the I'xhibi* lion; and, aftiT eunferenci' willi the authorities of the City of riiiladelpiiia, to fix upon a suitable site wilhiii tin rporati' lim-
its of tho said city, where the I'xliibition shall bo heM.
Sec. 3. That saiil Commissioners shall be appointed within one year from the pas.sage of this Act, by tlie President of the United States, on the nomination of the governors of llm Stat'-s nnd Ter- ritories n-spectively,
Sec. 4. That in tlie .same manner there shall be appointed one Commissioner from each State and Territory of the United State.?, who shall u.ssiime the place ami perform the dutie.s of sueh Com- missioner and Commissioners as may Ik; unable to attend the meetings of the Commission.
Sec. 5. Tliat the Commission .shall hold its meetings in the City
of riiiladelpiiia, and thiil n majority of its members shall h.avo full power to make all needful rule.s for its government.
Sec. 6- Tliat tho Commission shall report to Congress, at the first session after its appointment, n suitable date for opening and for elo.sing the, exhibition ; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating the same ; a phui or I'lans of the build- ings ; a complete plan for tlie iveoption and ela-sslileation of arti- cles intended for exliibitiuii ; the reiiuisito cu.stoni-liouso regula- tions for the iiitroduetion into this country of the articles from foreign eoimtries inti'iided for exhibition ; ami such other matters I as in tlieir judgment may bo important.
i 8ec. 7. Tliat no eompeiisatiun for services shall be paid to llie . Commissioners or ntlier officers provided by this Act from the ] Tn-iisury of the United States ; and tho Uiiiti'd States shall not bo ! liable for any expenses attending sueh exhibition, or by reason of I the same.
I Hec H. That whenever the I’residc'iit shall be informed by tlie I (ioviTiiorof the State of Peiinsylvmiui that provision has Ih'cii made for the erection of .suitable buildings for tho purpo.se, and for tlie exclusive control by the Cnmraission herein provided for of the }iroposed exhibition, the President shall, tlirmigh the Department of
State, make proclaniatioa of the same, setting
forth the time at whieh the exhibition will npini nnd till' place at whieh it will l>e lield : ai d lei shull eommuai'-ate to tin- diploniatic ivpre.seiita- tives of all antioas eojiies of llie same, togethi'r with sueh regulations us may bo adopti'd liy tin' t'ommlsbioners, for publication in tlieir re- spective countries.
Ill aeeonlaiU'i' ivitli this Act, the Com- mis,sio]i -wa.s at mice aiijiniiiteil hy the Presi- dent of the United .States njion the nmni- natimis of the governors of tlie sevei-.il .States and Territories — the following being tho
United States Centenniai. Commissuineks. Alahania, Jamo.s L. Cooper; Ariznnn, Piehanl MeCormick, John t\'a.sson; Arkansas. Geo. AV. Lawrenee, Alexander McDonald; Califoniia, John Dunbar t'reigh, Benj. P. Kooser; Colorado, J. Marshall Paul, M. ('. Meeker; Cnnnerlic"l, Joseph 11. Hawley, AYm. Phipps Baker; Jiakota, J. A. IJurbank, Solomon L Spink; Iielairare, II. F, Askew, J, H. Rodney; Jiislrict if Cotniubia, J. E. Dexter, Lawivneo A. Oobright; Florida, .r'lliii S. Ailams, J. T. Bernard ; Georgia, Gooigo Hillyer, Biehard peters, Jr.; htah«, Thomas Donaldson, AV. Moore; Illinois, Frederielc L Maltliews, Lawreiico AA'ehloii; Indiana, John L. Campbell, Fninklin Johnson; lou-a, llolx'rt I.owry, Coker F. Claiksnu; A'<in.ni.“, John A. Martin, George A. Crawford; Ken- Inrky, llolM'rt Mallory, Smith M. Hobb.s; Lanisiami, John Lynch, Edward Peiiington; J/aiup, ,JoBluia Nye. Clmrle.s P. Kimball; Maryland, James T. Earle. S. M. Shoemaker; Ma.s,sachnsetls, (ieorgo B. Loriiig, AA'illiam B. Spooner; Michigan, .Tames Biraey, Claudius 1!. Grant; J/btinwihi, J. Fletcher AA'illiimis, A\'. AA’. Fol- well; O. C. French ; Missouri, John MeXeil, Samuel
Hays; Montana, J. P. AA’oolmiui, Patrick A, Largey; Xehraska, Henry S. Moody, U. AV. Furnas; Aerada, AA'm, AVirt .Mei’oy, James AA'. Haines; Xeio llanipshire, Ezekiel A. Simw, Asa P. Cate; A'eie Jersey, Orestes Cleveland, Jolm G. Stevens; A'ci'' Me.rh'o, Ehlridgo AA'. Little. Stephen B. Elkins; Xeic York. N, M
Ol-KXIXfi OF THE I'ALAI.S ]>Ji I. ' J X DE ST T. I ]■
14
IIISTORrCAL REGISTER OF THE CEh^TENNIAL EXPOSITION.
Bmnirs of ADjnNiHTitATiiis.
— Direction ol th« forei^'ii reiiresenUi- tion; Director -Gbxer-vl.
— Classillention of fipplications fiT space — allotment of space in >fiiin buildiiiK- su|HTVision of s{ieciiil structures ; Hesry
I’ETTIT.
TrattspiirUiUoii — Foreijrn transportation for {{ooils iuiJ visitors — trans[jortiUion tor (jouds ami visitors in the United States— local trans- portation— wareliousiiig ami customs r*i>;uUi- tiona : DoLPHCs Torret.
Miirhiiifiri/ — Superlntendonoeof the Maeliiucry l)i-partnient and buildieiu, including allotment of space to ZxhiWtgrs; JoHS S, Albert.
.t^nVidnirp.— Sui>eriiitendenee of the Agri- eultiinil Department, building and grounds, iiichvliiig ull‘)tment of space tu Exhihitors : DuRSET Laxdreth.
Horlirnllnrt^ ^uiH-rintendenec of Horticultur- 111 Departmeri!, Conservalorv' and grounds, iti- < lading ailotmeiit of space to Exhibitors: Charles A. Miller,
L’SE at TRF. PARIS EXPOSITION.
ill th>: your eighteen hundred and seventy-six,” approved Mnn-h third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the appointment of eoramls- sioners to promote and control the exhibition of the niitiomd resources and their development, iiml the iinticm’s progress in arts which benefit mankiml, and to suggest aud direct appropriate eeivmouics by which the people of the United States may eomniemorate that menioroblc and de,-i>ive event, tile- Declnnition of American Independence by the Congress of the United Cnlonies, iLSseinbled in the City of rhiliidelphia nn the fourth ilay of July, Anno Domini seven- teen Inindred and seventy-six: and whereas, .sui'h provisions should 1h- made for procuring till’ funds reiiuihitc for the piirjioses aforesaid as will enable all tlie people of the United States, who have shan.'d tlie commou blessings resulting from national iiulcpendence, to aid in the jm'panition and conduct of said interna- tional exhibition and memorial ceifbmlion under the direction of the coinmisbioners of the United States : Tlierefore
Bp it ptiacted bij the Senaip and House of Be- prespiifatii'SR of the United .‘‘fates of America m Co/tyresi assembled, That there is hereby
Ili'i-kwitli.Cliarles H. Mars hull ; Xni’lh f’aro/iim, SamiU'l F. Jonathan W. AlI.eitsoii ; 'll, in, Alfred T. Goshorn, Wi Urifllth: Ore‘jon. J.irm-- M'. Virtue, Amlivw J. Diifiu ^yh-a,iiii. Daiiiol J. Morndl, Asa I’ack.-r; Bhode JAiml.
H Corliss, Samuel Powel; S’wllt JN'illiam (!uriioy
ehibald Cameron: Teimeejee, Thomas H, Cold- well, William F, I’ro.ss.r: Terns. WMliam
Heur>’ Parsons, Jolin C. Chew; L'liih, John H.
Wiektzer, William Ilaydon ; rivmmit, Middle- ton Goldsmith, Henry Chase; Walt'-r
W. Wood, Edmund H. Bagwell; inuvA:-i:y/.o,
Terriloni. F.lwood Ev.an.s, An-xandiu- S. AImt- nelhy; HV.-'t nv^iaid, Alexamier li. BotelrT.
Andrew J, Sweeney; ICi.s'coiuiia, Daviil 1,
Eihvard D. Holton; li'^o/aiuy, Jusepli M.Ciir''\. lloliert H Lambi’rii-
Froin these appointments tho foUowing orgauization w;u. eompleted:
Organization.
BresidenI: JOSEPH R. Hawley. Uice-Pi'r.o- deii‘s: Alfred T. Goshorn. Orestes Cleve- land. John I). Creigii, Robert Lowry, Robf.ut Mallory. Duvetor- Gramif .• .Alfred T. tlos- HORN. i-i-cretury : John L. C-impuell. Assi-^i-n.l t>eiTfliie;i : Dorsey Gardner. < 'oniuicl or .ii.d Solicilnr: John L. shoem.vker.
Ecpeutife Daniel J- Mox;r.ni.i.,
rhainuaii, I’etnisfcauiii : .Alfred T. Goshorn,
Otiio; E. -V. STR.tw, Xeir /Amip.s/nVp; X. M Beckutth, Xe'p Y'lrk; James T. Earle, Mary- laiii.1; Georoe II. Corliss, lilmde I.dnnd: John G. Stevens, .Vcic ./cr.«ei/.- A R. Boteler, He.st Virgiuiai R.C. CoBMiCK, Aruoiia ; John Lynch, Louisiana ; James Birney, A tjai.; Chas.P. Kimdall, Maine; Saml.F. Phillips, AbrtA Can
Secretary: Myer Asc h, Bliiladelphia.
riiiilips, I Bine .Ic/.s.— Superintoiidimee of the Fine .Art Depiirtiii Isoii AV. j buildiue, inclmliug all'dmeiit of space to Exhilntors: r; Pi'Ha- I A. T. Goshorn. 7b'ivclor-b’
!, George John L, Campdeli.. Sevrefary.
I 1‘HiLADEi.PinA. MareJi. ls7,>.
I In view of the fact that only annual meetings of the mem- | ' bevs of the Centennial Commission were ileemetl advisable, j I it was provided that the prosecutioit of the detailed work of |
the exhibition shtmld be in charge of the Exeoutive Com- mittee mentioned above, and vvliieh should hold monthly meetings. Further, n subdivision of Ltbor wa.s jiulieiously efleeted bv the organiz:ition of “bureaus of adniinlstra- tion ” ; thus simplifying and sy.stemntizing all tho manifold duties of preparation and organization. But the Act of Congres.s, incoiponiting the Centennial Coimnissiou, cxphcitly lu-ovided that no expenses should be ineunvd for wliich the Govemment should be held responsible. It therefore booanie neees.siiry to orgsmize a qu:dilieil body, in whose hands all tho finmieiiil con- I'enis of the general organization should bo plucod. and which should bo .sufficiently omiiowerotl tt) enable the ooUeetion of the necossaiT funds for the projjer cnnyiug out uf tho •• Contenniiil " idea in such w;iyR and by sneh jirovisions lus .should .“oem host Cidenlated to answer tho piuposo. .Accord- inglv, on June 1st. 1ST2, Congress pas-sed the following :
.b( A'i )-Wot/)V to /’eiihuiiial Lilenialinnat r.shihiUoii In be held in the I'ity of 1‘hiladel- jihia, Stale nf rennsylvania, in the year ei;j/itp<->i handreil and seve)dy-sif.
Whekear, Congress did provide tiy an Act entltli'd ' ‘ An Act to provide for the celebrating the one hundredth anniversan- of American Independence, by holding nn intenm- tiim.al exhibition of art.s, manufactures, and product of the soil ami mine.s, in the City of Pliiladelphia. and State of Pennsylvania,
HrSTORrC.U. recjstf.r of the centennial enposition.
15
t'rwvt-'il a liody noriJoruU*. to ho known by ilif luimu of tlie Centennial Board of Flnancf, and by that name to have an Incorporate existence iinlll tlu; object tor whicli it is furmod shall huvn bei-n aecom|ilisliecl ; iind it shall be eoinpcdent to sue and bo sued, plead and )>■' impleadecl, dcteinl and bo defondud, in all eniirts of law and isiuity in tho Uniti'il Slates; and mny make and liavi'.
H eorpuratn seal, ami niay pitrehiise, take, liave, uinl hold, and may b'l'ant, sell, ainl at pleasure dispose of all sueh real and personal estnti- as may bo reiiuin'ci hi eai ryiny into i-fTeet the pro- visions of an Aet of Cuiii'ri'ss, entitlecl *',vn bi provido fur eelehniling lie' one hundrodlh auiiiveisary ut Amerienn Indeiiemlenco, by lioldiiiK an iiiteriiational i xhibition of arts and luariutaelni'es. and products of the soil and mine, ill tim City of I’hilnileljihia. and Statu of ri-imsylvania, in the year ei),dilei'n liuiuln-d and .seventy-six," approved Mareli tliinl, eighteen limidred and seventy-one, and all a<‘ts supple- nmiitary thereto; ami said Centeiinhii Board of Finaneu shall eoiisi.si of tlm followini;- named ]iersoiis. their associates iiud successors, from tho States and Territories as herein set fonh.
Kec. 2, Tint tlio said corporation shall have authority, and is liereiiy empowered, to sceiiro Rubseriptiuns of eaintal stuck to an amount not uxccediiij' ten million dollars. bi lie divided into sliares of ton dollars each, and to Issm-to the subscribers of .said stock certi- (leates therefor under tin' corporate seal of said corporation.
subscribed for stock, to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for tho purpose of electing a board of directors to consist of twenty-fivo stock- holders, whose term of oflice shall be ono year, and until their successors shall ha\<> been ipialifled ; at whieh meeting those who may bo present in person or by proxy, of whom onu hundred shall eonstituti; a quorum, shall l>c competent to oriomize and elect said officers. Tile said board of dir<‘cturs, and every subse- quent board, sliall b<' ehuseu by tin' stock- Imlders out "[ a list of oin- hundred stock- holders, sc.leeteil and iiuminaU'd !>y the United States rentennial Commission. Nine members of the board of directors shall eunstituto a ([iiorum for the transaetiou of busines.s, but no electiou or change of offieers sliall take place unless at a meeting of tlm boanl of direetors, at whieh a majority sliall be present.
Sec. 5. That the s.iid board of dircetors shall elect, from Its own number, a jn'esident and two \ ii r--presidents, wln so term of office shall be one year, and until their successors shall have lii'cii duly qualillej, and slnill appoint a tn-a- soivr, a secretary, and such other officers as may be retpiiied to carry <iut the purpiscs of the corporation ; which elected and u[ipointeii officers shall hold their respective offices during tlie pl.'iisuro of thelHiavil. receiving such compensation as tlio board may prescribe. And the board shall also adu)»t such by- laws, rules, and regulations fur its own guvernnient and for tli»
OIIIENTXI, DmSION, PARIS EXPOSITtOM- -OENEI!.\L VIEW OP THE .lAP.VNESE SECTION.
I quota, according to its population; after which period of one I liundr>)d days, stock iifit taken may bo sold to any person or I persons or eurpuration willing to purchase the same.
VIEW flF THE CHINESE QCAIITEU IN THE I'.UiK OF THE P.tRLS EXPOSITION.
THE SP.tNIMt P.VVtl.inN AT THE r.UlIS EXPOSITION.
which certillcati's shall bi;ar tim signature of tho president and Iro isurer, and be traiistermble under such rules and regulations o-s may Im made for tho purpose. And it shall bo lawful for any municipal or other corporate body existing by or uailer tho laws of the United States, to sub- seribn and pay for shares of said capital stock ; and all holders of said stuck shall become associat-'s in said corporation, and .shall 'bo entitled to ono vote on each share. Amt it shall be the duty of the United States Centennial Commission t > )ire<eril>o rules to oiiable absent st*ckholders to vote by proxy. Tho proeeeds of s.iiil stork, together witli tho receipts from all otlier .sources, shall be useil by .sahi corpora- tion f ir tho erection of sui:al>le buildings, witli their a]>propriaU> llxturoH nnd appurtenane.'.;. and for all other expemlitun'- l•l•■luirl'd ia carry- ing out tim oljeets of tlni said net cjf Coiigre,.s of Jfareli third, eighteen hundred and sevent.v- une, mid which may be incident thereto. And tho .said eor[ioxation shall keep regular mhi- utes of its proceedings, and full accounts, with the vouchers thereof, of all tlic receipts and expenditures, and the .same sliall bo always open to tlie inspection of tho United States Contennial Commission, or any member tliereof.
Sec. 3. That books of sub.scriptioii .sliall be opened by tho United States Centennial Com- mis.-<ioii, under such rules ns it may prescribe; and an opportunity sliall be given, iluriiig a period of Olio luimlred days, to tho eitizens of eaeli .stati- and Territ'iry to subscribe fur stock to an amount not c.xceeding it.s
Sec 4. That after tlie expiration of' said period of ono hundred days, the United Stales Centennial Commission shall issue a call fora meeting by publication In ono or ni'in' newsp.apor.-s published
at the eapital of each State and Territory, not less than thirty day.s prior thereto, of tin.* corporators and all others who may then have
govt-riiment of its officers as lauy be doumed expedient : PeorbW, Tliat tho same shall not be inconsistent with any act of Congress or tho rules adopted by tho United States Contennial Commission.
Sec. C. That as soon us the board of directors ! .shall have been duly organized, a.s prnvidi'd for - _ in Section 5 of this net, it shall bo tho duty of
till) United State.s Centeimia! Commis.sion to de- liver-to tho said board all slock sub.seriptlon- bonks, witli tho papers and records of any kind in its possession pertaining to tho same.
Sec. 7. That the groniols for the cxliibiliim shall bo jirepareil nnd buildings orected byllie paid corporation in aeconlanci- with tho plans, which shall have been previously adopted bythc United Slates Centennial Commission, and the rules and ri'gulalii|iis of said corporation, g'lv- cniiiig rate.s fur " entraiu'i' '' and " iulinlssion " fi'c.s, nr olliiTwi'-i' alTi'i'tiiig the lights, iirivilege- , or inli'l'ests of the exiliiiiturs, or of tlie plllilie, sliall le llxed and establish*'d iiy tin- Uiiiled States Centennial Commission ; and no grai.t conferring rights nr privilegi's of any deserip- tion eouneeted witli the said grounds or laiild- iags. or relating to said exliibitiuu or celebra- tion, shall lie made without tlie cuiiseiit of the I'nilcd States Centennial Coinmis.sicni ; uii'l said Ccumuissiou shall have power t‘i con- trol, ctiangi! or revoke' all sucli gnint.s, ami shall aiuioint all judges and examiiuTs, and award all jiremiums.
Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall liave au- thority to issue bonds, not in excess of it.s capital stock, and
i)ISTKlJ;UTION OF PHIZES THE PALAIS DE L'TXLX^STHIE. PARTS. 18f>7.
HISTORICAL RRGISTF.R OF TIIF CENTF.XXIAL FXPOSITIOX.
Reouro tho pnympnt r>f thf> sump, prinnipal iina .itcT..-a, by mortgage upon its propurly iiml liri)spCL'tlv<; income.
Heo. [). Thut it Hiiiill !.»> the duty of tliu Swrft- iiry of the Treasury of the United States, us soon a.s pmctieablo after the piis.sage of this Act, to emi«e I" !"• pri-iMired, in aeconhinec witli ii d'-.sign approved liy tin- United States t'luiten- iiial Comitiisswii iiud the Secretary of tlu‘ Trea- •Hiiry, a siiniideut niimher of eertilloates of stock to meet tlie n>i|uiremimts of tins Aet ; ami any persuii found guilty of eounti'i-feiting, or attempting to pountitrfeil, or knowingly cir- culating false <’LTtifli'Uti‘s <if stock, herein au- thorized, shall 1)0 subject to tho sann' pains and peaaUles as am or may be provided by law for counterfeiting Un!te<l States currency; but nothing in this Act hlmll Is) so construed ns to create liny liuhility of tlie United Suites, dirc'ei or imlirect, for any debt or obligation ineurn'd, nor for any claini, by the Oentennial Inti-rna- lional E-’Uubltion. or the corporation hereby created for aid or pecuniary assistanco from Uongress or tho Treasury of the United States, in support or lii|Uidation of any debts or obllgatloiw created hy tlm corisiration herein
|
il |
' ' 1 ! t!' 1 kr |
|
|
Ip |
|c_ |
THE viriTEP 8TATK.R SECTio;.' AX THi: PAi’i-i i;.:re.UTio:i
holders, pro rata, in full .satisfaction and dis- charge of its eapitul stock.
TJiulor the above Act the “Centennial BoarJ of Fiiiiuiee " was organized, and, us now constittiteil, is as follows ;
('ENTESNIAIi lloAltl) OP I'lSAXCK.
Prrui'lt'Hl : John Widsli, /Vo/in/i fp/iai, Ui'iv*
William M\rrs, Iliiliul'-ljiliia; Jolm S. lliirbolir, Vir'jiiihl. .sVovbiiv/ aint IVeuxurt-r : I'n-diuick Frab-y. .Ucliln,-: H. S. Lansing. Fi- ,c./,c/.d Ajt-nl: William liigicr,
/)bvc/i»-.«; Samuel L. Fc-lton, Datiicl M. Fo.v. Thomas rochran, fleinent .M. Uiiiillc, N. Parker Shortri.lgc-. .Tames M. linlA, KdWard T. Steel, .bdm Wunamaker, Jolm Price WiUhi'i'ill, Henry Wiii'or, Anioi 11. Litlli', Jolm iJaird, I’hihuM- pl.ut: Th.eniis H. Innll.'v, .V.-c J. ; A. S. Hewitt, William I- Stmng, .Vc<c Vnrk- ; John ('imimitigs, .Vus.siic/m.vW/,s ; John (lorhmn, UU'uIr Ishii'l : Cliarli'> W. UiHijier, William Iiigl<'r, l’niiix;ih<uiia: Itobcrt M. Patton, .Uubimiii; J.
15. Drake, lUniuix; Georgi' Bain, Mixx"itri.
authorized : Auif profiilnl, That nothing iu this Act shall be so construed as to override or interfere witli Hie laws of any State; and all contracts made in anyStati- for the purposes of the t'outonniul Intoruationiil Exhibition shall be subject to tho laws thereof; .Did prorWof fio'llirr, That no membi’r of said Pontemilai Board of Fiiuuiee assumes any personal liability for
any debt or obligation which maybe created or incurred by the corporation authorized by this Act,
Sec. 10. That ixs soon a.s pra^ticablo, after the said exhibition shall have been closed, it shall be the duty of said corporation to convert its jiroporty into cosh, and, after the payment of all li8 liabilities, to divide it.s remaining assets among its stuck-
()f course, the first nud more imini diutely iiiiportaut duty of the “Board of Finance "was to conclude, after c.-ireful computation, on an estimate of the sum of money necessary to ciiitt out the intentions of the " Centennial (.Commission,” The coucliLsion reached fixed upon the
HISTORICAL RKGISTER OF THE CEXTF.XXLAI. EXPOSITTOX.
sum of -^in.OOO.OOO as adoqnato for all tlu> i>uri>ose.s of the fxliibitiou. lu acrordiiiioi' with this estimate, lUiJ ^vith a vii-w to ginng eveiy eitizcii of eveiy State an oijportiiuity to lieeome iuterested iu aud coiiiieete<l with this gieat national exhihitimi. a quota was now established of a ratio of subscription for the several 8tiiti-s, aud ever}’ effort was made, through tlie public pre.ss, speciid circiilaiN, and selected agents, to biing about such an interest its would lead to a iiopulur subscription sutticieut'y large to absorb the capital stuck, the ratio of each State being fixed its follows :
|
V,. sea.„rT,.r,-,i..,v |
I'.i|iill;aiii||. |
III -S|i:u i'-, |
gmii.i 111 lii.il.n-. |
|
lX.'svV..fk . |
4.382.7.71) |
113.000 |
$l,l:t0,0l’iO |
|
2 Peiiimvlvaiiia . |
. 3,.721,97l |
91.341 |
913.410 |
|
3 nhio . |
. 2,0(i5,20) . |
. 09,12.3 |
091.2 iO |
|
4 Illinois . |
. 2,.73‘i.S<)l |
07,871 |
078.710 |
|
5 .Miss.mri . |
1,721.21)7 |
. 44,041 |
440,410 |
|
fi Iiidiaiiji , |
. l,(isi.ii(7 |
4i„787 |
. 437, .8-1) |
|
7 .7fjis.-.aeliiiselts . |
1.4,77,371 |
37,790 |
377,900 |
|
H Keiitiii-ky |
. 1.321,(111 |
. 34,201 |
342,000 |
|
!» Teiiiie.,-.,... |
1.238, .720 . |
. 32,039 |
. 320.390 |
|
10 Virginia . |
. l,223,l«l |
. 31.774 . |
317.740 |
|
11 I.ova . |
U‘)l,i)20 |
.30,907 |
309,070 |
|
12 tieorgi.a . |
, 1.184,1(1!) |
. 30,710 |
. . 397,100 |
|
13 .Mieliigim |
1,184,0.7!) , |
. 30.708 |
307,080 |
|
14 North Carolina |
. !.071.3tiL |
27,787 |
. 277,850 |
|
13 Wisconsin . |
1.0.74.070 |
27,3.73 |
273,530 |
|
10 Alabama . |
. 990.092 .. |
25.854 . |
. 258,540 |
|
17 New Jersey |
90G.09C . |
23,499 |
- 234.960 |
|
18 Missi.s.sipia |
. 827,922 . , |
, 21,472 |
. . 214,720 |
|
19 Texas . |
818,370 |
. 21.233 , |
212.300 |
|
20 Miirylnmi |
. 780.894 , |
20,2.72 . |
- . 202,520 |
|
21 Loiiisianiv . |
720,917 . |
18.8,72 |
. 188,520 |
|
22 8.iiifh Candjiiii |
. 705,007 . , |
18,300 . |
183.000 |
|
23 Maine . . . . |
020,91,7 |
10.2:1.8 |
102,580 |
|
24 California |
. 700,247 |
14..7.30 |
145,300 |
|
25 Coiiui'i-tii.iit |
5.37.4.74 |
13,939 . |
- , 139,930 |
|
21) .irkaiisa- |
484,171 . |
12,.7(i3 |
. 12.7.050 |
|
27 iVest Yirgiiiiii |
442,014 . |
11,404 |
,. 114.040 |
|
28 .Minn, ..s,, til . |
439,700 . |
11,41)4 |
. 114,040 |
|
2!> K;i lisas |
304,399 .. |
9.430 |
94,,7()0 |
|
30 ViTlliout |
3.30,,77l .. |
. 8, .773 |
85,730 |
|
31 New Hampslm-,. |
318,:J00 |
. 8,2.77 |
82,550 |
|
.32 Rliod.' Island |
217,373 . |
. 5,037 |
50,370 |
|
33 Florida |
187,748 |
. 4,809 |
48,090 |
|
34 Distriet of ('olnnibia |
131,700 |
3,417 |
34.170 |
|
3.7 Deliiwai'e . |
125,015 |
3,242 |
32.42(1 |
|
;«i Nebraska |
122,993 |
3.190 |
31.900 |
|
37NowMeue., |
91,874 |
2,383 |
23,830 23.51KI |
|
3.8 Oreguu . |
90,923 . |
2,359 |
|
|
39 rtah .... |
80,780 |
. 2,2.71 |
22.510 |
|
40 Nevada . |
42,491 |
1,102 . |
11.020 |
|
41 Colorado |
39,801 , |
1.034 |
10,31(1 |
|
42 Wusliiic.;t>m . |
23,973 . . |
021 |
0.210 |
|
43 .Montana |
20..797 |
534 |
5.340 |
|
44 Idah.. . |
14,!K«i |
3.8!) , |
3,«!)(l |
|
45 Dakota |
14.181 |
308 |
3,08(1 |
|
40 Arizona , |
. 9.0.78 |
270 |
2,500 |
|
47 'Wyoming |
0,11s |
230 . |
2..3O9 |
Hs,5-)8.a7i i.fioa.oau siii,o<io.(Mto
Up to December Lo, 187;', the actual amoimts snb- sciibed for the imiq>os»-s of the Centennial were as fol- lows :
T"t;il stock siiliperiijtioas (ivlinWei .... S2,;k)7.7.'iO III wliic’li an- iiwludcd
N'ew Jersey SlOil.OOO
D*-lawiire lii.OiJO
Connc-cti.iiit lU.Oi'h)
N'ew Hamiishlri' .... Ki.itiiit
Wilmiiigtoii, Del .7.11:1.1
j;i;J7.(M)ii
Oifts. eoacessions. and iiiterest .... $230,000
Farther from coueessiuiis . . . lOO.ilOil
Api.i-niiriutinii tiy I’cunsylvaiiia l.OiXI.OlH)
Aiqiro|)riiitiim liy Pliilad'clptiiii .... 1..70U.0II0
#3,137,7.70
.\iiinuiit still reiiiiirc'd tn iirc|iare f. >r Openinj; up to
May 10, l.S7i: 1,537.101)
SO,724,».70
By which it will be .seen that the original i-stimate of ?1(),000,000 was found to be iinu'h more thiiu Hufficiont for the neces,sitics of the Exhibition.
The following table will disjjlay the cost of other intcr-
|
national exhibitions ; |
77ar, |
Cost. |
|
|
Lnndiin . |
1871 |
20 |
$!,404.0iK1 |
|
NewYiiik . |
18.73 |
5'^ |
700,000 |
|
Paris |
18,55 |
, 30 |
4,000.000 |
|
Lomlun |
1862 |
.. 24 |
2,300,000 |
|
Paris |
1807 |
40', , |
. . . 4, .790,70.) |
|
Vieana |
1873 |
70 |
9,8.70,000 |
|
riiiladclpliia . |
1870 . |
>'•» |
0,724,350 |
|
Tlie following nations have |
appropriated the sums |
ttgainst their names for defraying their own expenses at the
|
t'enttmnia] : Onait Britain, with Australia and Canada fguldj. |
$250,000 |
|
France and Algeria .... |
. 12U.000 |
|
tlormany ...... |
171,000 |
|
Austria ...... |
75.000 |
|
Italy (Gnveniment, $3S,fKVi; Chaniber <•! ('cmimerec 338,0001 |
70,000 |
|
Spain ...... |
. 150,000 |
|
■Tuiian ....... |
(loo, IKK) |
|
Belgium |
40,000 |
|
Denmark ...... |
10,500 |
|
Sw'xlcn ....... |
125,000 |
|
Nurway |
44,000 |
|
Netherlands (anqile provislnni. Brazil |
150,000 |
|
Venezuela lull exponfies). Eeiauhir ...... |
10,000 |
|
Siam ....... |
lOO.OOU |
|
Argouline Cmif'-derutiun i owns all goods e\hitiibsl) |
(10.000 |
|
\ pnmary difficulty, which at once iireseuted itself in |
|
|
the way uf cnllectiug .subscriptions fur stock |
, was the |
|
nnaneial crisis of 1S73 ; and this, with the difflciiltv of |
|
|
carrying nut a working systeui tlirough the |
agency of |
I the bank-s. induced the adoption of a different plan, and I the following “Board of Revenue" was establi-shed, j with a vi»‘W of operating through the labor of vnhmtary . auxiliary boai'da, organized in different aeetions of the States and Territories :
Ci.EMEXT M. Diddle, < Vei/ncaa. I'liiliidciphia ; 'Wii.li.vm Ditti.En, FiiiiiiirUil -Infill, Pcimsylviiiiia ; Eumcxii SrEEi.. .tMOs I!. biTTLE, John W.vnam.oceu. D.rxiEL M. Fox. J.ames M. Robb. .loHX B.ubd, Pliiliiili-qiliia; Tiios. H, Dcui.ev, X.-w .T.-iscy; .foHx Ci-MMixos, Miissachiisclt^,; 7Vili,i.4M I.. Sritoxo. Xcw York; Oeouoe D.iix, Missouri: 0. D, XonTOx, .VccWncy.
Chiefly through tin- medium of the cnevgi ti<’ and eomjuv- lu-nsive action of this Board, the entire aggi-cgate of tlie sums snbsi-rihcd for carrying on the laboi-s of the "(Vnten- uiul (’ommis.sion" wius accuniulatcd. But. ns wc have ah'cadv obs«-rved. the labors of these and other agents operntiiig for the (!cntcimial were rendered especially arduous and diilienlt on luvount of the ojipusition whieh the enterprise j met A\ith in ihfl’ereiit quarters iu the tii-st years of tire undertaking. This oj.position at first took the form of objection to the locality elms.'u for the exliibition. Jeal- ousies on this acooirnt sprang nii. and very somi manifested thcm.selves through the Piv.ss ami other^vis^.‘. Bo.ston, New York, and other eitie.s hiid elaint to the honor of seleetion for the putqiose in hand, aud for a time this claim was nrgut-d with considerable determinatiuu and such force as could be gained for it through the occuiTencc of historical events or other incidents. It was tiiially, however, corr- ceded that the seleetion of Philadelphia as the scene of I our Centennial meiuorinl was just, wise, aud propitiim.s.
But this conclusion did not allay the slight iiiitvtiou ' x\’hieh had been manifested, but whieh now direch-d itself toward other objections. One of the mo.st proniiiituit of these regm-disl the ])ropo.sed iirk'ruatiniml elinracter of the exlribitiou, and was geueridly bu.sed uirou the idea that, for one reason or another, foreign nations would vefus<. to com- pete with Americans in the exhiliitiou of theii- products and inanufuctnres ; while, in the ease of Great Britain, it was esproially alleged that the circmnshinces conoemiug British comieetion -with our mitiunal brotherhood were tif a chaiiic- ter to i)reelude the hearty co-oi>eratiou of that nation in our proposeil jubilee. These lattc-r objections, liowau'er, soon fell to the gi'ound in the face of the almo,st uimnitmms ac- cei>tfUK'e by foreign powem of the inrihitioii ot the I’l'c.si- dent, as offered iu his proelamation, and iu the subsequent note to foreign mini.stei-s, wliicli doemneuts were eoiielicd as follows :
PHOCL.VMATIOX
Dv THE PBEBIDEXT OF THE UXITEU HtATER.
DVerpii?, by the Act of CongresR approved Marcli tliinl, ciKli- t<-ea Jmndred aad seventy-one, providing for a Xationnl Celelira- tion of the one Imndmlth anniversary of the Imlepehdence of tlie Unitinl States, by the holding of an International Exhibition of
Fowl hol'se. uvixea fio caoe, and sheep house at the mohll t'.h.u, fakis expositioh,
MODEL COW STABLES AX THE PAKIS EXPOSITloX,
HISTORIC. i'L REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
1»
Arbi, itamifautun's, iiml Prodiii'ts of tlia Soil nml Minf‘, iti fho Cily<jf P!iilii(lL-li>hia, iei the ywir figliteoii limidrcil auil scwnty- bIx, it is provided «s follows;
“That, wh«DOVf)t the President shall he in formed hy the OoVit- nor of Iho btato of 1'umiBylviniia that provision inw hoeti made for tho eroetion of suiUihlo huildings for the purpose, ami for l!io exclusive control by Ilia Comujission heroin provideil for of tho projiosed Exhibition, tho President Hhiill, through the Department of State, maico proclamation of the. same, setting forth the time at which tho Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be liehl; and ho sliiill communicate, to tho diplomatic rejiresenta- tivus of all nations copies of the same, pig.'llier with such regula- tions as may hoadoided by tlio cumiulBsioners, fur publleatkm in Ihelr respective countries
.Imi TW/cecn.*, Ilis Exeelloncy tho (loviwnor of tho .said Shite of Peimsylvanhi did, on tlm twenty-fourth day of Jiim', eighteen
whieh idreaily tiappily sui>sist between tho. Govemmeiit and p(,'uph' of and those of tho United States.
I have the honor p j be, sir,
With the highi'-st eonsnb'nilieii,
I'our ubedieol servant,
111 response to tlicse domiments, whieli were eiivtilatotl tliroilgiiont all eivilizeil emintrics by means of onr olUeijil agents, the foUotving uninecl emintries aeeepteil the in- vitation of the President:
1. .Africa (Ornng(‘ Freo Shito) ; 2, Arg<mtine Confederation; ■i Austria; 4. Lelgium; 5. JJrnz.ii ; 6. China; 7. Eeuador; 8, Egypt;
I'ruuee ; lu. tiermaii Empire ; 11. Great Britain and Colonies ; 12. Canada; 1-1. New South Wales ; 11. Sioitli Atisirulia ; 1.7, Vie-
HoyDCKAS : Governor Don Francisco Bardab-s; ( ienern! Don E. do Siilignae; Don Jose Maria Fiollos; Don Junii llauion Yalanzuein.
.Iap.vs: (iiru Yauo, -Iffcnf, Japanese Legation, Wn-slilngt on.
Liberia: J. L. Payne, Ea«p. Munrovia; Edward U. M"iTis, Esq., Consul, Philiidcl|pliia.
Mexico; Don Uoiiuto llubio, /VfWK/c?</; Eduardo E, Zarolo, .‘Wretai-y ; Gabriel Mancera. And nine Commissioners.
N'ETHERLAXns ; Dr. E, H. Yon Baumliain'r, /Ve^idm/; Mr. C. May.skeii, Hiuirh'iu, ,‘<Ve;vf(iry ,• Mr. L. W<'.stiTgaiird, Consul, Phil- adelphia; Mr. U. C. Burlage. Coasul-Qeneral, New York. Ami idevcn Commissioners.
Norway; Herman P.iuirs ; Wm. C. ChrlstoplnTSon.
Peru: Ibni. Mauaid Fr>'vri', Minister Pieiiiputentiary. Wash- ington; Fred, L. Barreda, E.iward Yilbuia, Chnrb's Naey.
Sweden : A. lii'rgsii-oiu,/Vf.-/piej/f .- C. Jiihlin Daiuifi‘ll..s'mv/ari/
.SOUTH KENSINOTON ! LONnON I
hundred and sevi'iity-tliriv, iiiform nu; tiiut j*rovjsion has t)een maib- for the erection of snil Imiblitigs and for tliii exelu.sive con- trol by the Commission provided for in tile said .Act of the pro- posed Kxhiliitioii ;
.led irhi'rriiD, the Pri'siileiit of the Unitp'd Slah‘s Centennial Commission has .>m.dally informed me of Ihi' dates fixed for tho opening and elosiug id the said Eixhlbitiuii, and the jilaee at which it is to he held;
Now therefore, he it known that I, Ur.YiisEn S. Grant, iTesident of the United States, in conformity witti tlie provisions of tho Act of Congress aforesaid, do lii'rehy declare and proclaim that there will be hidd. at thi‘ City of Philadelphia, ia tho Sbito of Pennsyl- vania, an International Exhibition of .Arts, Maiinfnetures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on the nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini, eighteen hiindn'd and Beyi'uty-.six, and to he closed on the nineteeuth day of October, in the same ye.-ir.
And in the interests of pem-e, eivllb-'ition, niid domestic and in- ternational friendship ami intereourse, f eommimd the Celebra- tion and Exhibition to the people of tli(‘ United States ; nud, in belialf of this Government and people, I cordially commend thorn to all imtion.s who may hi‘ pleased to take part therein,
In testimony whereof I havo hereunto set my Iniiid ami caused the si'al of tho United States to ho nfTlxed.
Dono. nt tlio City of Washington, this third dayot July, one tliousand eight hundred 'venty-three, and of the Inde[ieii- of the United States the ninety-
, Salviidoi
CnS.mONAL EXniRITlON, 18(1.
. Japani'.-e |
ry. And nine Commis-
17. Hnndnr.is;
Ibnpire; I'J. Liiieria: 2i. Mexii’o; 21. Netherliiml.s ; 22. Norway; 2:1. Peru: 21. lliissia; 2.>. Samlwieh Islauds; 2(J. Siam; 27. Spain; 2>^. Sweden: 20. Swilzerland; 3a. Tunis; 31. Turkey; 32. Yeiie- ZUela.
Fi.lli.wiiig, wo give u list of the Culimiissionei-s aidmiiiteil l>y tlio resjKvtive (lovermnents of these emititries :
Ar.(iEXTlNE CONFF.llEll.VTION, South Aim
derff, J’rr.ti’leiit : Julio Yietoriea sloners.
Australia, YicTOniA, tH'EENSEAND, New Zealand, Etc.; Sir Redwood Barry, .1. Collins Li'vey, Ksq,, .sVeeWu/--/. Ami
eleven Commissioners.
Africa. On.ANiiE Fuee St.vtf, ; Charles W. lliley, Coiisul- (teniwal.
Hei.oium : Alfred Simonis, Member of tiic House of Represen- tatives and MamiCaetiirer; E. Sadoine, Geneml Director of the Ironworks; Cli.Do Smet, Maiiufuetun'r ; President of tbe In- (lustriul and Couimereial Society. And fourti-eii CominissiemTs.
UnAZtL: Gaston d'Grleans, Condo d'Eu, ; Viscount de
Jugimry, 1st Vire-J'rssi'h-nr: Yi-e.mnt de Bonn-ltetiro, 2d I'er- I'ri'siilriil. .'ifsiiibers: Viscount do Souza Franco; Joiiquin An- tonio do Azevedo.
Sio<‘kho!m ; L. We^ thirt.>en Comiiiissio S.INIIWK'U IsL.lN Ibm. J. r. Kawjliini snl-Geiieral, New V Spain: Don Km Santos, General Commission, tilla, Minister I'lenipotojitiar mino, Coiwul, Phitadeliih
.-lye, If, Consul. Pliil.idelpliia. And
; lIun,S.G. Wilder, Minister of tlieluter S. U. F. Odell. Charge d'Affairi's and l
) Ca.stcd
• Emilio do
I Itieardo
[SF.AL1
,-enth.
By the President ;
Ha%ultos Fish,
,S’ce,'('f(irp o/,SVilfC.
U. S. Grant.)
(For.
1 "/ Xoli- .ifut h;/ ihi> SwehV'j of Slulr ((• F'lri'iijii Vinislsrs.)
Dkp.uitment of State,
11 (wfo'ii'/foii, Jiily 5, 1873.
Sin; I havo the honor to iiielose, for tlm in- formation of the Government of - ,n copy of the Pri'sldent's Proelamalion, anieiuneiiig the time and \ilaeo of holding an Inti'riiational Kx- hibitioii of Alls, Mannfaetures, and I’ro.liiets of till- Soil and Miim, proposed to he held in the year hundred and seventy-six.
The Exliibitiuii is de.signed to eommemorato the Deelanitioii of the Inde[ielldenei‘ of the I’nib'd States, mi tin) one hundredth aiiiiL- vorsary of that interesting and historic national event, and at tlie same time to present a lltting opportunity for sueli di.s;ilay of the results of Art and Industry of all aalions as will servo to illustrate the great ndvaiiees attained, and tin' saeeesses iiehieved, in the in- terest of Progress and Civilization, during the eentiirywliiehwill luive then closed.
Ill the law providing for the holding of thi' Exhibition. Con- gri-s.s direeti'd that copies of the I’roelamution of tlio President, setting forth tlie time of its oponing and the place at wliieh it wa.s to hi; held, together with such ri'gulations as might he adopted hy the Commissioners id the Exhibition, slimdd be comimmieated to the Diiilomatie llepresontuUves of all nations. Copies of those ivgulations are herewith tnuisinitted.
The Pri-siileiit indulges the hope that tlieGovernment of
ipUI he yteast'.l lo iictice the siihjerl. owl nui;/ deem it jiivyer In hriiif} Ike F.fhihiUon (uid Us nhjerls to the nllenlioii of Ihe i>cot>'e tf tlmt eowilnj. and iJms euennrnge their co-opernlion in the 2‘>'Oiifise(l rele- Iralion. Awl he further hopes thni (he opi'orl'imly (ijt'urded hy (he E/hihition for the iiiterch«ii<ie of nalioiial seiilhneul <ind friendly xuleriwirse behreen the iieojile of both nations may result bi neie and siiS greater adoantages to Science and Industry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the bunds of Peace and Friendship
EXPOSITION OF ART AND INDUSTRY
MADRID, SPAIN, 1S71.
Pe;
'eiiati
on, I.iie. I.i'tellier de St. Just, Minister of Agri Hubert D. Wilmot, Senator; Hon. Edward G r; F. \V. Glen, Esq., Ottawa; T. I'ormiilt, Esq.
China; Edward li. Drew, Gustav. Dietring, J. L. Hammond. Commissioners of Customs; Charles Hannen.
Ecuador: Edward Shippen, Esq,, Coimul, Pliiladelpbia ; Ga- briel obarrio, J. J. llihon, J, M. Mufioz, J. B. do La EsprielUi. New York.
I'liANUE : A. L. De la E’orest. Consul-General, Ni‘w York; Bavin d'KIiieux, Vice-Cuusiil. Philadelphia ; Cat. Apnfrye, French Legation, Washington. Frencr Local Committee in Paris; Oscar di‘ Lafayelte. P)-esidenl : Lahoulayo, Wolowski. Dietz Mmiin, Viee-l‘residenls ; Fbiturd, Bonnet, Secretaries; A. Caubert, Ageul.
Germany: Dr. Jacobi, Government Counsellor, President, And nine CommiRsioners.
Great Britain; P. CtinlifTo Owen ; Colonel Faiiford. Guatemala, Salvador ; Don Vincente Dardon, lliuidter Pleiii- potentiar), Washington.
r.Presidnd; 1 , I'hiladrdphia;
Washington;
Xni Julian Alfredo PriiieiiiP, Yiee- , Philadelphia. And fifty-eight Commissioners.'
Venezuela: Leondc la Cova, Consul, PhiladL-lphia; Dr. Adol- phus Ernsst, Professor, University of Cumen.s.
It will thiLS bo seen that the inniii objectious to the Cen- tennial tveve met by the iiiexoinble logic of events, and shown to be without just fotuuliitioii in fact. \ Tliis import- ant battle ha\-iug been won. it beoame, nevertheles.s, ob- vious to tho •‘Board of Finuiu'e" that ninch difHenlty would I'omaiu in 'the way of gathering together the eiior- mmi.s sum of money required for the organization of the exhibition. With a degree of fidelity to their own idea, however, Avhieh is unexampled, and with a lavish gener- osity (Hptally imcxpeuteil, the State of Beunsvlvania and the City of Philadelphia gave earnest of th<‘ force of their lanqxwe, and the inteii.sityof their determination to achieve sneeess in tlu' fa<-e of no matter what obstaeles, by at once driiwing with fxtruordinury libeiidity upon their own re- sonrecs, iiiid thus jilaeiiig before tbe Amer- ican people an example most praiseworthy in itself, and which eei'tuiuly .should havo been more generally followed than was nnfortuuately the ca-se.
With a design toward the eneottrage- ment of the collection of sonvenira of the Centennial, the ••Board of Finance" is.sued a hamlsome medal of bronze and silver, with an appropiiatcly ooimnemorativi' in- scription, and also an claboratidy cngTaved ccrtiticatc of stock subsenption. it Ix'ing conceived tliat both these articles wimld be eagerly sought for by the public in general, and their remunerative sale would add sometliiiig to the fund for general expenditures, and so, by tho diflerent means adoph’d for theiuivjm.se, the ••Board of Finance" .succeeded in eollecting very nearly the entire amount required for the exjicuses of the (Viitoniiial.
The niamier in whieh this large fmul was exjicndod should i>roperly come next under onr oimsidejution. By the original system of organization, tbe government and direction of the Ceiiteiuiial were vested in two Boards, as has already been mentioned. Tliese were the “C’entennial C'oiniuis.sion," and the "Centennial Board of Finance.’’ The division of duty, and its idlotineiit lu-twedi these two botlies, were as follows: The "Centennial Commission" had entire charge of <‘verything eoneerning the exhibitive character of the Exjin.sition. They conducted all coiTC- spondence with individuals, organizations, and Goveni- ments, at home and abroad, looking toward the exhibition by these of all jiroductii, works of art. or manufactured articles, when the buildings should be comiileted. Here
EXHIBITION’
also WHS placed the duty of allotting sj)nce, assigning each exhibitor to liis appropriate department, and, in fact, gen- erally superintending and sni)er\-ising the Exposition as such, The “Centennial Board of Finance" had charge of all interests involving expenditures of money, as well ns all the plans and amingeinent.s for collecting the same.
Tims, in the hands of this latter important body WiW placed the duty of directing the coustruetion of the braid- ings neoes.s.ary for the exhibition ; and to a description of these magiiitieent stnietnros, erected npnn a seiile of nn- preecdc-nted grandeur even in buildings of this character, we will now proceed to ilirect the attention of the reader.
As lias been heretofore remai-k.-d, the land obtained fur the jmiiioses of the Cenhnmial Exposition is coiajuised in Fairmouiit Park, the largest public park in jiroxiniitv to a great city in the world. This jiark contains 3,100 acres, of which 450 were enclosed for this exhibiti<ni, besides M-hich allotment iirovLsion was made for the exhibition of 6t<x-k. and a farm of forty-two a -res, armuged for the test of 2'lows, mowers, reaiiers, and other agricultural machin- ery. The Ccnteunial grounds, lying on the west bank of the Schuylkill liver. exten<l ot<t elevated land, while “George's Hill,” at one extremity, otl'ers not only a mag- nificent view of the entire exhibition territorv, but also an admirable presentation of the great city hevond. Con- cerning the locality, it may be obsen-i'd that in the opin- ion of Baron Schwurz-Seuborn. the Direetor of tlie Tii-nnu Exiio.sition, this is larger and better adai>ted for the pur- pose in every particular than has been tlie case with regard to any former exhibition. The exhibitive space of the Ex- position proper comprises five buildings : 1, Main Exhi- bition Building ; 2. Art Gallery ; 3. Machinery- Hall ; 4. Hortieultuiid Hall ; 5. Agricultural Building, lint, bi'side these, there were erected numerous other and .similar buildings by State direction, or on the jmrt of foreign and other exhibitors, of which description will be given hereafter.
I. M.us ExHinmoM Brinmyo.
This building is constructed in the form of a parallel- ogram, extending ea.st and we.st. l.vStU) ft, in length, and north and south, 4i>4 ft. in width. The larger portion of the structure being one story in height, .showing the main comice upon the outside at 4JI ft. from the ground, the in- terior height being TO ft. At the centre of the longer sides of the huildiog ai-e projections 410 ft. in length, and in the centre of the shorter .sides are al.so ja’ojection.s 210 feet in length. In thes^- projections in the i-eutre of the four .sides ai'c located the main entrances, wliieh are jiruvided with arcade.s upon the gronnil floor, and fai;ades extending to the height of 00 ft. The east entrance fonus the jiriiicipal approach for curriages, the south entrance being the prin- cipal aijproach for street-cars, the ticket -offices being located u]Km the line of Elm Avenue, with covered ways proviiling for entrance into the building itse-If.
Tli« main poiial on the north side is arranged to com-
municate directly with the Ai-t Gallery ; and the main portal on the west .side givc.s the main jias-sage-way to Jla- chinerv and Agricultural Halls. U])ou the comers of the building are four towers, each 75 ft, in height ; and, in order to obfiiiii a centi'id feature fra- the- building as a whole, the roof over the central pai-t. 4fsl ft. .stjnnre. is raised above the sutroimding portion ; and four towei-s. 48 ft. square, and ri.sing fi) a lieight of 12U ft., have been introduced at the corners of the elevated roof.
The areas covered are as foDows :
The general annugemeiit of the ground jJun of this building dcveloj)s a central avenue or nave 120 ft. in width and extending 1,832 ft. in length, this being the longest avenue of tlnit width ever introduced into an ex- hibition building. On cither side of this nave is an avenue KK) ft. wide by 1,832 ft. in length, and betwei-n the nave and side avenues are aisles 48 ft. wide, and oii the outer sides of the building similar aisli’s 24 ft, in width.
There ai'c al.so three cros.s avenues or tninsiq)Ls, viz. , a centriJ transept 120 ft. in width by 41C ft. in length, and one on either side of lOO ft. by 41(j ft., and aisles between of 48 ft. ,
The main i^romenaih'S through the nave nod central ' transejit are each 30 ft. in width, and those through the I centre and -side avenues and tran.sejits, 15 ft. each. All I other walk.s are 10 ft. wide, and lead at either end to exit ^ doors.
The foundations con.sist of piers of masonry. The .sui)erstructure is conq)osed of wronght-iroii columns, siq;- jiortiug wronght-iron roof trusses. In the entire structure there are 072 columns — the shorte.st 23 ft. and the longest ■ 125 ft. ill length. Their aggre-
I gate weight is 2,20l).u0() jtes. 1
j The aggregate weight of iron I in the roof tru.s.ses and girders -
1 is 5.000, ODOlb.s. A ix-culiarity .
, of the building consists in - —
I the fact that the columns and . ~ ~
I tni.sses arc so dc.signeil as to '
1 be easily taken down, and - '
' erected again uixiu another site. The sides of the build- ing. for the height of 7 ft, from the gi'ouud, arc finished with brickwork in jianeis between the colnmus; and at the vestibules viuiegatcd brick and tOe have been iu- froihuvd.
Tile building standing nearly due cast and west, the light is obtained iJmost entirely by .side-lights from the nortli ami .south sides.
Small balconies or galleries of ob.S(>rvutiou are provided in the four central towei-s at the height of the different storii's, these being attractive places from which excellent views of the interior can be obtained.
A coiujilete sysUmi of water sujqily for the jirotection against fir<‘, and for sanitary liurjiuses, has been introduced into the .structure. Tlie offices for foreign commi.s.sions are arranged along the .sides of the building in the side aisles. The design of this building is to enable all ex- hibitors to have an equallv tiir uiipurtu.iitj- „t ..sl.ibitiug
their goods to ndvankage, the light being uniformly dis- tributed. and each of the simces devoted to the exliibitiou located ujiou one of the main thoroughfui’es.
This building cost Si, 000,00b.
^ IT. The Art ClAnnERY and Memorial Hall.
I This building, which was designed from the first to he a i iieruiaiieiit ajipendagc to the (.'ity of Philiuhdphia, in which j .should be .stored its art trciusnre.s. has been located with i admirable de.sign on an emiueuec in the great “Laus- downe Plateau," and <-onimands a magnificent view of the city, looking toward the .south. As this eminence is 110 ft. above the surface of tlie Schuylkill river, vi hich lies a short I distance from it, a chamiing jirosiiect of the beautiful I stream and idso a fine view of the building from tlie river itself, are among the advantage.s of its situation in Fair- mount Park.
( The biulding is elevated on n terrace 0 ft. above the gen eral level of the Plateau, and is built in the modem Benais- sance style of ai’chitectnre, the materials being gi-anitc, gla.s.s, and iron, Xo wood has been used in it.s constmetion. and it is thoronglily fire-proof. It is 305 feet in length, 210 ft, in width and 59 ft. in height, over a spacious base- ment 12 ft. in height, suriuimntcd by a dome. The main front look.s southward, on which side is the main entrance, con.sisting of three colos.sal arched d<ioi’\vuvs of eiiual di- mensions ; there is a pavilion at each end, and two nrendes, each 90 ft. long ami 40 ft, high. Tlie doora uro each of iron, and are relieved by bronze jiauels with the eoats-of- ann.s of all States and Territories. The main cornice is surmounted by a bidustrade with candclabras at either end. The dome rises from the centre of the .stnictm-e 150 ft. in height, built of gla.ss and iron, and of unique design, with a eolos.snl bell, from which the figure of “ Columbia” risi s with iirotecting hands.
A figure t>f colossal size al.so stands at eacli ofimer of the base of the dome, tvqiifying the four quarters of the globe. The main eiitnincc ojieiis on a hall 82 ft. long, 05 ft, wide, and 53 ft. high, decorated in the modem Rciiaissaiiee style. On the farther side of this hall, three doorways, each 10 ft. wide and 25 ft. high, open into the central hall, S3 ft. square, and surmounted by the dome rising to a height of 80 ft. From its eastern and we.stern sides extend the gal- leries, each 98 ft. long, H4 ft. wide, and 35 ft. high. These galli-rics ailmit of temiiorary divisions for the more advan- tageous diS{>laY of }>aiu(iiigs.
The centre hall and galleries form one grand hall, 287 ft. long and 85 ft. wide, cajiable of h-.lding H.iMlO pci-sou.s— nearly twice the dimcn.sions of the largest hall in the country. From the two galleries doonvay.s 0])cn into two smaller galleries, 28 ft. wide and 89 ft, long, thc.se again oiH'uingiuto ja-ivutc apuriment-s on the north and south, fonuiiig two hide gaUi'ries 210 ft, long.
Ail the galleric.s aiul the ci'iitial hall are lighted from
r ■ uil jii iii>< i— 4
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CF.HTEHKIAL EXPOSIT/OM
tnsrORTCAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
21
ubdvc. the pavilions an<l ceulrn! Imll bi-iiig dosifeoual especially for the exliiliitioii of sculpture. Tliis building cost #1,5(X),0(X).
HI. Macuixkhy Hall.
T!iu iirnuigi'iiu'ut of tin- Imildings lia-ab’d this structure west of tht' iutersectimi of Bi'liiiont 1111(1 Kim Avrimcs, at iv distance of feet from the west front of the Main Exliihition Buildiiifi, and ;174 ft. from the north side of Elm Avenue. The north front of the building being iiimii the same liue lus the lilaiii Exhibition Building, already descnbeil, a frontage is thu.s jireseiited of 3.HL14 ft. from the east to the west ends of the exhibition buildings, n]ion the principal avenue, in the grounds.
This building is arranged to consist of a main liall 1500 ft. wide by 1,402 ft. long, with an iuuk'X on the south side of 20S ft. by 210, the entire area covered by the main hall and annex being .'i.W. 440 wp ft., or 12.H2 acres. Including the upper lloors, the building, as completed, provides fourteen acres of floor space.
Tim arrang(‘nient of the gi-uinid-])lan of this building comprised two main avenues, 00 tt. in width by l.OOO ft. in length, with a central aisle between and an ^lisl(^ on either sid". At tho centre of the building, a transept extemls ‘JO ft. in
COMPARATIVE SIZE OF BUII.DIKOS.
uidth. forming an annex fur hydraulic machines. The foundations of this building I'onsibt of jiiers of masoury, the su]H'rstructuro of s<jlid timber coliumis supporting Voof-tnissi's, the outer walls being built of miusoiiry to the height of 5 ft., aud above that composed of glaz<‘d sash jdaeed between the columns.
The constmetion of this building admits of the most complete sluiftiug, the facilities in this respect being very sui'erior. In tin' annex for liydranlie maehines is built a tank (JO by lOO ft., allowing for a deidli of water of 10 ft. At the south end of this, arrangi'ineiit is made for a vvater-fall 05 ft. high by 40 ft. wid('.
1'liis building cost s7;)2.(M)0.
.\ few tigures luiviug rcfeveiiee to the mah'rial used in the construction of th ■ Machinery Hall will not be uninteresting to the reader, and uill give some faint idea of the vast riuantity of inateiial absorbed in the bnililings of the Exposition. There were used in this Imilding ,u. 000, 000 ft. of lumber; 500,000 tt>s. of east iron ; 750,000 Itis. of wrought iron; 20. ((00 O's. of nails and spikes; 7(Xl,0()0 s<i. ft. of tin roofing; 175,000 sij. ft. of Amenean gla.ss, weighing 150, 0(X) tt>s., the iiveiuge size of imiie being 24x22: 15.000,000 ftps, ..f sbme ; 225 men were employed daily mi the erection of this building, M'liieh was isimuicnced on Apnl 13th, lS7o. aud tiuished iu about live months.
HISrORIC.^L KF.GISTF.R OF FIIF CFXTFXXIAL FXPOSmOX.
22
>DEUTSCHEi
IV. IIoRTKTLTfRAL HaU*
T'l tlip City nf Pliiliidfli)!!!;! is tin.- siurLil instance
of libomlitA*. wliicli providiaf that the HurtienltuKil BniM- ing nf the exhiliitimi shniilil be .so c‘>nstincte<l as t<> ri’iiuiiii a permanent feature "f I'ainnoiint Park. It is Im ateil on the Laiisilowiie Titokt. a shi'Vt ilistaiiee iiniih of tlie Art (tallery. ami has. like the latter, a comniauding Aiew of the Schuylkill Kiver and a portion of the city. The dcsiyn is in
.\1.\('lllM'.l:i H.VM. .VT J'HK VIKNNV KXrosTTTuN.
th' !Mam'i sc|iii' style of avehite<dnn' of tin' twelfth eenimy. till' pi'iiu'ipal uiaterials, externally, being iron and ghuss. The length is liK! ft., tln' width ft., and the height to the top of the lantern 72 ft.
The main door is occupied by the ceiih'al conserratorc, 2T(I V Sfl ft., and n.7 ft. high, sunurmnted by a lantern 170 ft. long. 2'i ft. wi<le. and 14 ft. high. Ibinning entirely around thi.s conservaton', at a height of 20 ft., is a gallery .j ft. in width, f)n the north and south sides are fotir foreiug-
hous<‘s for the jiropagatiou of young plants; each houws is 10(1 by 110 ft,, and eewered with a curved roof of ii'on and gliuss. From the vestibules, at tin- ctuitre of the east and west ends, ornamental .stairways leail to the mtennil galler- ies of the con.seiwatoiy. as well as to the four <-xternal gal- leries, each HX) by 10 ft. , which simmnmt the ro<;fs of the forcing-hoiis«.s. The.se external galleries are connected by a tine I'romenade, fonned by tlie roofs of the rooms on the ground tlnnr, and having a snj)crtieial area o| I .sno s<j. yds.
LM KltX.VTIU^'.lL I.NDlVriU\L T.'niDlTXUX kX JiUFi’.VkU, -N. V-, UCTOBEU Urn, l^UU.
HISTORICAL RliGISTHR Of THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITION.
HISTORIC. U, RRG/STRR 01
IXTKniOK VIKW UF TIIK M A (' II I X K R Y lU' I L D I X G , W II 1 L K IN FROCKS
V
HISTORICAL REGISTER
OF THE CEXTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
i'' ■' r P
:a//>w/^ . A r^c\i^r,T:
MccLARhnoN ^0 T ^cep£noe:ncl\
muClRV)
CARREN'fiKt HALL
Yi'G.MILLE
THE CENTENNIAL— SOJIE OF THE OROANIZEES OF THE CELEBRATION,
28
HISTnniCAL RFGTSTF.R OF THE CENTENFflAL EXTOE/TIOiV.
TIh’ I’iist aiiil wst entnuicos am maclird by fiiKlito (if blue aiarblc stcji-s from tt-r- nu'vs H0x2i> ft-, ill tlic (•.■iitm of ciicli ..f Mliii.-li stands an ojaai kinsqna 21) f(. in diameter, M tlie angles .if the main e..n- sen-atnry are eiebt nrnameutnl fimntaiiis. Beside this ).rinei]ial tmiMinc. a iminbi r (if stnietnre.s Ima' been erected fnr vnri<ms lioi-ticiilturul jmriinses. while the snrrniind. ins promidii arc aiTaiigcd for ontdcinr }'limtinc.
Tliis Imildiiig cost ??2.)l,ildT.
V. Aiiiiirt-T/rrn.vn Jlrii.njNo,
This stmetuiv. standing iioi-tli of the Hoi-ticultiu-al Building, and nn the easteni side of Behnnnt Av-aine. lias been built on a ]'hm illustrating a novel combination of materials, the latl.'r being wood and glass. Thi.s eoinbination eon.sists simply of a long nave, crossed by three tnmsc2>fs. nave and traiisejU being coiiij'osed of Howe- tmssed arches of a (tothic form, the nave being t<20 feet in length and 100 ft. in width.
The ground-j'laii of this bnildiug fonns a ]>aralIelogTani, tiiii by lidO ft.,eoveriug a space of seven and a quarter acn“,s. In its iinincdiat'' \4ciiiity provision is made for sjiacc for the cxliibition of horses, cattle, sheej', swine, jxailtn-, etc. The ar- rangement of the groiuid-plau of the Agri- cultnra] Building includes four main ave- nues ; one ninning north and .south throngh the centre, 7H(i ft. long by 70 ft. wid.', the remaining three miming cirst ami west, each 472 ft. li.ing. By these nvennes the building is divided into four .sections, the four main avenues witli 12 aisles forming an a<bnir- able arr.iageinent for exhibition, each sec- tion containing four spaces. 184 ft. long and 42^-ide, fur the exhibition of goods, making sixteen in all, covering 117, 7(10 sq. ft. of gTi Hind.
The ground enclos»Hl for the .site of all the exhibition buildings coniprisi-s 2dG acres, the bomuLirics of the enclosure being as foUowa :
(.iiiMr.MraAn (UMMIn>J(.>w aT THE ACADEMY Ul M.L-8IC, I'mLADELPHI.l,
THE -STATLE Of COI-C.MBUS AT fAIIiMUL-NT PARK, Pmi.AUELPHIA
I'EBUrAItY i-,TK. lS7;i.
South, Kim .V venue from Forty - tir-t Street to Fifty-second Street; west, tlm Park Ihive to (teorge’s Hill with th.' con- course ; north, Bchnont Avenue Drive from George's Hill to tin- foot ->f Belmont; ami east. Laus.l.o\iie Drive from Belmont to Forty-tii-st Street. Tln> whole of the exhibition being enclose.], thirteen en- tiiince.s ai'e established along the bonudary itrix'c.
The following figures are of inh're.st in conneetion with the situation plan ;
Ar.'U -if m'-iiiial'-. 2ai)aeres; liiieii) f---t en- el.-.-'l, 10,(111(1 ; iiiimii,.|- ,,f .■iitmiiee-, D : .iim.-ii- si-'ii' Ilf Main Building. 1.H8D ft. Gy IIU ft. 2n aer-s; Art (iall.-ry. 2Hl ft. by 303 fi. 1'; ii.-r.-s; Xacliiiiery liaildiin;, 300 ft, ly 1.402 fi.
11 Ill-res; Hortieultural Hall, Kia ft, liy 3, 'll) ft. — ID iht.-.s : Agrir-iiltmnl Htiildiiia, .')40 ft, l,y 820 ft — 10 iier.,'1.: I'nHeil Stat.-.s Gnvi-nimeiit Buii.Iiiig, 300 ft. liy 3iM) ft. 1> , ai-res ; Oniees nf the -bliniiiistnitidii. 8ii ft. ly ,32t ft.- a. -re; Iiveinies and wulUs, 7 Tni|e>. ; length nf horsa railway, 4 lail. l.-iig11i of railmad tnn-ks inside the grnaii.ls fnr iho (.leliverv of luateriul and gniids, 3D mil--..
Among onr illustrations M ill be fomid one showing, by a .simple system of diagrams, the comiiarative size of the inteniatioiial buildings of the world, by which it will be seen that the Centitniiial Exiiositimi Iniild- ings rover a veiy nmeh larger area of gromid than any other,
As u general rule, the various Slule.s or- ganized local Centennial commissions, tho better to enable the in-oiier reiireseiitation of State products and niannfactiires. S<-imi of tlie.se Commissions obtained jienni.ssion to erect btiildings for their own use ni>ou the Centenniul grounds; ami we shall have weasion to describe ami illustrate certain ■ >f these hereafter. The duty of these local Commissions, as defined by the Centennial Commis-siou, appears to be ns follows; first, to dis-seminate information regarding the exhiliition ; .second, to suenre the co- operation of industrial, scientific, agrienl- tnnil, and other assooiation.s in their dis- tiicts; thii'J, to apvoint cu-oi>ei-ative local
HISTORICAL RF.GISTF.R OF THF CFNTFHNIAL FXPOSITIOH.
cnramitt^pR rojirosonting the imlnstrios in tbnir
districts; tomth, to stiiimlati- loi-nl ncticni on all meafiuivs iiiti-inliHl to muki- tin- cxhUjition successful aiul a Mortliy rcproseiitiifioii ; Hftli, to eiiconi'sigo tlie dispLiy of all articles siiitalile for the pxliil'ition ; sixth, to tlistnlmte iloeiiniejits, issneil liy the Coininission, to niiinufacturors and otlieis ill their districts interested in the exliihition ; s<‘venth, to render assistaiici* in fiirtliering the tiiiiineiul and other objects of the exhibition, and to furnish in- forniutioii on subjects rcfeired to them.
With a vii'w to the bettor oucouragemeiit of exhibitors,
bers of this body will be appointed by the Commission of each Country and in cunfcirmity with the ilistribiitiua and allolinent t<i each, wliieli will bn hcreartei' annoiineod. The Jud(*(-i friuii tiie United Stales will be appointed by the Centennial C(»mmissii<n.
r/iiVd.— The sum of uni) thousand dollars will be paid to e.ich commissioned Judgi) for personal oxpeiises.
FonrOi. - Rejiurts and awards shall be based upon merit. The elements of merit shall be held to iiicludo coiiHideralion relatiiiK to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, work- manship, fltiiess tor tile puriioses intended, adaiihition to imblic wants, economy and cost.
/•,yi/,,_Eiich report will be delivered to tUo Centennial Com- mission as soon as completed, for final award and publication.
GENT.TIAL niRECTIOXS FOR EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATF,S.
1. Tlie Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the City of Pliiladelphia. and will bo opened on the loth day of May, 1870, ami closed on the 10th day of November following.
2. A]iiilieations fur s]>ai‘e and negotiations relative therebi shuuld be addre.ssud to the Directur-Oeiii'ral, lutenuUiuiml Kr- liiliilion, Philadelphia, J’enn.
8, Exhibitors will not be charged tor sp.ice.
A limited uuantity of steam and water iiowerwill Iw supplied gratuitously, The quantity of each will be settled definitively at tho time of tlie allotments of simcc. Any power required by the
TUANSFJIH, IIV THE PHII.ADKLPHIA AU'l’HUlUTll'.S lo 'Illl. I'l'.MENNlAL CU.M.MlSHltiN, J I i,Y 4, ls?e. OF THE tiJlULftDS AT TAlllMul'NT I’AliK.
the Dircctor-Ocncral of the Ceutcmiial is.siictl a system of invurds. which, tvith the geiii'r.il divcetimis for exliibitors from the ‘Tniti'd States, may properly find place hero : SYSTEM OF AWARDS.
-Awards shall be bnsi d uiio)i written reports alteste.U)y till' signaiiire.s of tlieirautliors,
.s'ei'cKid Two Imuilred judges shall be appointed to make suidi viiporls, one-halt of whom shall be foreigners and oue-balf eiti- zeiis of the United States. Tliey will bo se]eete<l for tlioir known qualifications and eliaractor, and will be exiierls in departments to whiL'h they will be respectively assigned. The foreign mem-
- .Awards will 1«' finally decreed by the ITiit.'d States Centennial Commissiun. in complianee with tlm .Act of Congress, and will eonsi.st of a diiiloma with a uniform Bronze Meiial and a special re]sirl of the Judges on the siilijeet of the Award.
SA'rnlh. Kjlc'h exhibitor Will hlU’e tile right to reproduce and luiblisli the report awarded to him, but tin' C. S. ('enlennial Commission reserves the rigdii to piibli-h and dispose of .all reports in the manni'r it thinks liest for jniblie information, and also to embody ami distribute tlie reports as records of the Exhiliition.
A. T. CiOSHORX, 7hV,rt'f«c-frV(i«-u?.
John' L. Campbell, .''VirWuci/.
exhibitor in e.xcess of tli.at allowed will be rurnislied by the Com- mission at a fixed I'ldee, Demands for siieli excess of j>ower must also be settled at tbe time of the allotment of space,
4. Exhiliiti.irs must provide, at tlieir own cost, all show-cases, shelving, counters, llttuigs, etc., which they may require ; and nil eountershafts, witli tlndr pulleys, belting, etc., for the tnuismis- '' sioii of ]'Ower from tlie majn sluitls in the Maeliinery Hall. All I arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity ' with the general plan adopted by tin- Director-General.
I Special I’onfitruetions of any kind, whctlior in tlie buildings or I grounds, can only be made u[ion the written apiirovul of the I Director-General.
so
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX.
VISIT OF NEW VOUK AND NEW ENGLAND NEHCHANTS TO THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS AT ITIILADELTHIA, JIAY 11th, 1871,
: S/u/rr.s /. _
irmUS (TEIRTHFIHES TMA T
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r///u y/- y///,_ Cf.nrenniui yoard .Fincmcp / v.
HTYf/J
Cas»jlsil §1®.{)00.©00,
mSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENNIAL EXPOSITION
31
NKW YORK STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD AT EAIBMOUNT rARK, THILADELPHIA.
HEADQUARTERS OF THE
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5. Tho CommisHlon will tako prpcautlnns fnr tho safe presorva- , Hon of nil oSjocts in the Exhibition; but it will in noway bo re- Bponsible for damlV^^o or loss of any kinil, or for accidents by Are or othonviso, however originatinj'.
Favorable facilities will bo arrant'cil by which exhibitors may insure their own Roorls.
6. Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to Kuanl their (roods ilnrinK tho hours the Exhiliition Is open to tho public. Appointments of such watchmen will bo subject to the approval of the Director-General.
7. Exhibitors, or such agents ivs they may desiRnate, sludl bo responsible for tho reeclviug, unpacking, and iirmiiKing of objects, as well as tor their removal at tlm elo.se of the Exhibition.
S. Till' trunsjiortation, reeeiving, nnpneking, and arnuiging of till' produets for exhibition will be nt tlio exi>enao of the exhib- itor.
t). Tlie installation of heavy artlelc.s ro<iuiring foundations should, by special arraugoment, l>e licgun as soon as the progress of the work upon tlio buildings will |ierinit. Tlie general reception of articles at tlic Exhibition buildings will be commeneed on .Tanimry 1, 1S7(I, and no articles will bo ndmitteil after ilarch 31, 1S70.
m. Space l«7C,will ns.sigame
11. If )>roductrt are not intended fur competi- tion, it must be so stated by the exhibitor, and tlteywlll be excluded from Hie examination by the International .Turies.
12. If no authorized person Is at hand to receive goods on their arrival nt the Exhibition building, tliey will be removed without delay, und stored at the eo.st and ri.sk of whomso- ever it may concern.
13. Articles that arc in any way dangerous or offensivi', also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical prepni-ations whoso ingredients are oonconled, will not be admitted to the Ex- hibition.
U. The removal of good.s will not Ire per- mitted prior to the eloso of the Exhibition.
la. Sketehes, drawings, photographs, or other reproiluctlons of articles exhibited, will only bo allowed upon the Joint assent of tlie exhibitor and tho Diri'etnr-Genernl ; but viow^of portions Ilf the building may bo made upon the Director- General’s sanction.
16. Tminediat 'ly after the closi' c f the Ex- hibition, exhibitors sh-all remove their ell'cets, und complete sueli rcmovnl before December 31, 187C. Good.s then remaining will be re- moved by the Director-General and .sold for expenses, or otherwise disposed of under the ] direction of the Commission,
17. Eiich person who becomes an exiiibitor thereby acknowledges and undertukes to keep
tho rules and regulations established for tho government of tho Exliibition.
Special ragulutinns will bo issued eoneerning the exhibition of flue arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes, the sale of special articles within the building.s, and on other points not touched upon in these preliminarj- instructions.
Irt. -An OfRciiil Catalogue will be imblishcd in four distinct ver- sions— viz., English, French, German, und Spanish, The .sale of eatilogues is reserved to the Centennial Conrmission.
19. rominuiiieations eoncorulng tlu\ exhibition should bo ad- dressed to “ The Director-General, International Exhibition, 1S76, Philadelphia. Penn.”
Tho Centennial Commission resen’es th» right to explain or amend those regulations, whenever it may bo deemed neecssar>- for tho intere.sts of the E.xhibition.
A. T. OoSHOBN, DirertnT- f? encraf.
/’?iifu(fc(pAiu,./idi/4, ls74. John L. Campbell, i<ecreto.r<j.\
In the meautinie, it became obxious tlmt cei’tuin further action on the part of the Executive Department of the United State.s Government would be fniitful of gottd ser- rtce to the Centonnial Ex])ositiou ; and. accordingly, and •aith a ]mrticiilur view towards a representative exhibition of the Govornmont in the Exposition, the Presidtuit is.sued the ueoes-sary orders and made the requisite ai>poiutmeiits. The document-s which follow will be fouml to contain these, as also the Act of Congi'cS.s authorizing the President to extend a cordial invitatimi to the Goveniinents of foreign nation.s to be reiiresented at and bike iiart in the Interna- tional Exposition ; the Act authorizing the preparation, at the United State.s Jliiit, of medals eommemoi’ating the one- hundredth amiivoi-sary of the first meeting of the Conti- nental Cougi'ess. and the Deeliuiitioii of Independence ; the Act aihnitting free of duty articles intended fur the Literuational Exhibition ; and the regulations governing the importation of this cliLss of goods, issued by the Secretary of tlie Treasury.
EXECUTIVE ORDER By the Pkesident of the United States.
brought to the imtieo of the Uniti'il States that In the International Exhibition of Arts, Manu- factures, ami products of the Soil and Mine, to he held in the City of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, for tho purposo of celebrating the lum hundredth anniversary of the Independence of the United State.s, It is desirable that from tliu Executive Department.s of tho Government ut tho United States in which them may be ariiclcM .suitable for the purpose intended, there should appear such articles and materials ns will, when presented in a coUeetivc exhibition, illustrate* the functions and adininistrativo faculties of tho Government in time of peace, and its resnurcos as a war power, und thereby serve to de- monstrate the nature of onr institutions ami their adaptation to the wiuit.s of the jicoplo. Now, fur tho purposo of securing a oompleto and harmonious arrangement of the arth'lc.s and materials designed to bo exhibited from the Executive Department of the Government, it is ordered that a Board, to l>e eompo.sml of one person to be named by the head of each of tin: Exceutivp D<-partmcnts which may have articles uiiil materials to bo exhiliited, and also of one person to lie named in behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, ami one to be named in the behalf of the Department of Agriculture, be charged with the preparation, arrangement, and tafe- keeping of such articles und muterlaU as the heads of the several Departments and tbu
msrOKICAL RF.CISTRR OR THR CRNTRNNRIL RKPOSIllON.
.13
C immiHKionrr >if Agrii’iilturf' oml Uif Din'clornf llif Hmithsi^niim lufititiiUnn may rosiipftivoly denidn bIiuII bn nmbrannil in llm cn|- lontinn ; tliat nnn of tlm pnrsons thus iiiimnd, in )m' (Insifinalnd by tho rrnsirl(fnt,8hiiU bn chairman of siicli LManl.mid lliiit tin- lioanl appoint from tlmirnwii numlnT siiiili nihcr onicnrs iis they may think noec8H:iry, ntul Hint thn Hiiiil Hoard wlum organized slinll bo aiilhori-/.'‘il iindi'r Hm diro"iluu of the I’reKidt-nt In eonferwilli tile c‘Xi enhve oflleiTS of tile Ci'iilciitiial Hxlilbilioii ill relation to siioli niatleis eounc-eted witli thn Mulijcct ;uH may pertain to lie' respi'iitive departments liaviiit; iirlici<‘H and mntiTialH on exliiiii- tion, and liiat the names of tin' pm sons tlius selected )>y Hie lnMds of thn Rovcral de|iarlments. He' Commissioiinr of AKrienltiire, and I lie Director of thn Smithsonian Iiislitiitiuii, sliall bo Bubmitled to Iho 1‘residont for desinimlion.
By order of tho rresidont ; Damii-ton I'lsn,
[Sif,'iied) Rcn-(-t(v-j of Stntf.
WARlllNdTOS, Jannnrii 211, ItlTt,
III aecordanen witli the ahovn order, llm President appointed a Hoard eoin[iosi'd of a represeiilativc' from caeh of tiic Kxeeutivo Departmonls of tho auvonimeiit, r'xenpt thn Dc'partin''iit of Slain and the Atloiney-tiennral'.s Di'iiartiiient ; but iiiebelitiK He' lle- partment of Ai-rii'iiltiire ami Hie Smithsonian Institution. Tlin Hoard is eomposod as follows;
liar DryiaWmeat. — Col. 8. C. LTFonn, Chairman, Ordnaurfi Ihii-iwi.
r.xposition to lie held at riiiladelphia, under tho auspices of the Oovernim.'nt of the United States, in tlie year cit;htoon hundred and seventy-six ; Prrtridi'il, hn’ri-rn-, Tliat lie' United State'.' .sliall not he liable-, directly or indirectly, fur any expenses attending such Exposition, or hy roasnii of the sumo.
Jiiw j. 1S71.
AfT ItEL.ATING TO CKNTENNIAI/M EDALS.
,Vs Act to authorize medals eommemorating the One Hiiiulredtli Anniversary of Hie first mooting of thn (Vintiiieiilal I'oiigrc.'ss, and tlio Declaration of Independence, jirovides a-s follows :
Hr it riiofird by Ihr Srnnlr and Hotoir <f ItrprcKrnlnth-r.t nf Ihr Uidird .Vntiw <f Aimfica in ConyrrxK onxpinhlnl, That medals with appropriate devices, emhlems, and iiiKeriptions, commemorativo of tho Centennial Anniversary of the Declaration of Iiidejiendenco he pre[iiired at thn Mint iit Philndcdphia for the Centennial Board of Finanoo subject to the provisions of tho flfty-sccoml section of the CoinnKc Act of ciglitccii liiindrc<l and aevcnty-three, upon tho payment of a sum not less than the cost tlicrc'of.and nil tlio provi- sions wlii-'tlier penal or otherwiso of said Cuinago Act against the counterfi'iling or imitating of coins of thi' United States shall apply to tho medals struck and issued under tho provision.s of. this Act.
Aj’iyrovrd, June Ui, 1874.
tij admit free of duly articles intended for the Intomatfonnl Ex- hibition of Eighteen Hundred and Seventy-six, ’ I'rovldcs as follows:
'• Jlr it Piifirlrd hy Ihr ftprmtp mid /foiup rf Hpprpsentatires of the rnih 'i HI den of Amprini in C'liiyrpxn nxspmhlnl, That all articles wliich shall lie imjioiti d for tho solo purpose of exhibition at the International Exhibition to bo hold In tho City of Philadclpliiaintho year 187G, .shall lie admitted without tho payment of duty or of cus- toms fees or charges, under sucli regulations as the Si'cretaryof the Tri'iisury sliall pre.seriho : Pforided, That all sucli articles as sliiill be solil in the Uiiiled Stiite.s or withdrawn for consumption tlicrcin at any time after such importation shall ho subject to thu duties, if any, imposed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the dato of importation : And provided firlltpr, That in case any articles imported under tho iirovisions of this Act shall be withdrawn for eoiisumplion, or shall bo sold without payment of duty ns required bylaw, all tho penatties proscribed by tho revenuo laws shall be applieil and oiifnreed .against such articles and against tho person who may bo guilty of such withdrawal or sale.”
In pursuance of tho provision.s of thm Act the following regu- lations are prc?scribcd :
FirM. No duty or cust'ims h e.? or charges being required on any such importations, a m-w form of entry i.s pre.-cribi'd, whieh will bo employed in all cases at the port whero such goods arc roc-ivod.
HEVDIll-UiTEllS <IF THE WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL ENE.HITIVE COMMITTEE, 90S WALNUT STBEET. IHIILADEH.IIIA-MKS. E. D. CILLLSKE IIECEITISG ' llEl’OHTS I'KOM 8UH-C'OMMITTEES.
Tno.oiry Peparfmcid.-lluii. H. W. Tavi-f.k, Irt Omtrotltr of the Trras'iry.
A'avy Jiriiarhornl. Admiral TuonXTos A .Teskiss, J'. S. Xary.
Iidn-iof ]irpnfhnenl .Tons E.tTox. 'Vmimi.s.'iomr <f Fduralion.
rosl-Ojlirr lirparfinpid. Dr. I'livs. F. MrDoNALli, Chirf of Afnnry -Orihr IirportoiPiit.
A'lrindliirnl /»e,icirtiaeiif. — IVm. S.vfXDEUS, Snpirininidrnf of !'ropn'jnlii"j (iorden.
Sinith’!o,ii'm In.-ililulion I’roC. S. F. Hur.l', .Usi.stim! Srrrdory
ofl'ic ymi(7i.<om'(i)i Inslihitio)i a ,<! f. ,s. Fialory l ’onnoi>si"uer.
Wm. .V. Dk Caixuhy, Si-n-rlory >f Jloonl.
This Iloaid lum been cliarg 'd with the duty <it perfecting a collective Exlii'iilion that sliall illustrate the funetioiis and admliiislr.itive faeullii's nftlie (iovcrniiicnt in time of peace and iis rcsuurecs as a war power.
INYtTATIoN TO FOHEIGN GOVERNMENTS.
H7i<rea.«, at various International Exliiliitions wliieh have been held in foreign countries, the United Slates have tieen repre- sented in iiiusuaiiei' of invitations given liy the Governments of those count l ies, and accepted tiy our (foveniment, therefore,
Itp it eniu-lrd hy Ihr Srnnlr nirl Ifoii.tr .f llrj.rno'iilnlivr.'i of Ihr Fnilrd .‘•Vidc.i q/'.limrieii i;i ('ouyrr.t!> nrariidihA, That the pro'idi'iit be requested to extend, ill Hie name of Iho Unili'd States, a re- spectful and cordial invitation to the Governments of other uaUons to bu ici>rcsciiteJ and take part in tho International
.ACT REEATING TO DUTIES ON FOREIGN ARTICEES.
Ax Act to admit frooof duty articles intended for Iho Interna- tional Exhibition of Eighteen Hundred and Suvonty-six, provides as follows;
Bp it enartpd hy Ike Srnnlr mol Ifonrr of Brprrrrninlivrs of the I'nilrd AVn/fti of .Imenm >n Conyrrfr asspnihtrd, That all articles which shall he'imported for tlio -sole purpose of exhibition at tho Internatioiiiil Exhibition to bo lic'ld in the' City of rhiladolphia in tho year eighteen liuiidred and seventy-six, shall b-i admiltcd without the p.ayment of duty or of customs fei'.s, or ciinrges. under such ri'guhitions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prcscrilio ; Provideil, that all sudi articles a.s shall be .“old in tho United States or withdrawn for consumption therein, at any timo after such importation, sliall be .subject to tin' dutic.s, if any, imposed on like arlieles by the revenue laws in force at the dato of impor- tation ; And proviilfd fnrlhrr, That, in case any articles import' .‘d under the provisions of this Act, shall b" withdrawn foreonsump- tion or shall bo sold without I'liymcnt of duty, as rcquin.-'l l«ylaw, all the pcnaltie.s prcserilied liy tlu' revenue, laws sliall lie applieil and enforced against simh artidi'S iiiul again.st thu persons who may bo guilty of such willnlrawal or -sale.
Approved, June IS, 1874.
REGUEATinNS
novrrniny thr Frrr Iinpnrlntion of tiondi fnr the 1-nirrnnlionid EfhihHion of F.i'jhWrn llnndrrd midSrrrniy-F,r, at PhilwMphia.
TuE.XsrnY DEPAnTMEXT,
Wiirhinylnn, P. U, Oct. 3, 187-1.
An Act of Congress approved Juno IS, 187$, I'utitlcd “ An A''t
Sreniul. The ports of New York, Boston, Bortlaiid Bur-
lington <Vt.), Suspension Bridge (N.Y.), Detroit, Port Huron (M?oh.), Chicago, 1‘hiladolphla, Bultimorc, Norfolk, N'-w Orleans and San Francisco, will alone constitute ports of entry at which imjiortalions for said Exliibitionwill tie made free of duty.
Thivl. All articles designed for such Exhibition must bo for- warded, accompanied liy an involeo or schedule of tho numbers, character, and commercial valuo of each sliipment, which state- ment shall be attested before a Consul of tho United Htates, nr a civil magistrate of tho country in which they are produced or from which they aro .shipped to the United 8tates. Kueh vcrilled bill of coiitoiiLs and values will bo traiwmitti'd in triplicate, one copy to tho Collector of Customs at the port whore it is desired to make entry, which will bo retained for tlu' files of his ofllce ; one copy to somo duly authorized agent, either of Iho owners, or of tho Foreign Commission of tho country from whicli shipment was madi', wliidi agent must in all cases ho recognized by tho Dir.'Ctor-General of Iho Exhibition, who will, by virtue of that authority verify the goods and make entry ; and ono copy to tho Collector at tim port of riiiladelphia, and all paekages and enclosures containing gooiEs destined for .such Exhilotion must bo plainly and conspicuously marked with the words “For tho International Exhibition of 187H, at Philadelphia.’’
Fonrlh. All goods arriving so nmrko'l and represente'l. ciHier utthe time of arrival or at any time while remaining intheeus- t"dy of tho CoHeebir of Customs at the port of arrival mi general order will will'll cntored at the port of iin ival, bo dcliverad with- out examination to su.-li recagiiiz.n'l agent or arn'iits, to be by him or them R.rward 'd from tho port of arrival by bonded line Ol
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION
transportation to Philad^phia, thorp to bo dolivorod to the cus- tody of the Collector of that port.
Fifth. Entry for warehouse will be made for nil such tran.s- ported pa-'kages on arrival at the .said port of rhiladolphia, and original entry for warehouse will be made for all goods directed by flr.st shipruent to riiiladeiphia. Warehouse entry having been made, the packages will tje held in the custody of tho said Collec- tor until tho Exhibition building, or some building erected by and in the custody of tin' offleors controlling tho said Exhibition, and suitable for secure custodyas a warehouse under tho authority of llie United State.-*, is ready to receive them.
SLrilt. St-parato and complete rocord.s of all packages so transmitted and rcccivod by tho Collector at Philadelphia will bo made by thi; Storekeeper at tho port of Philadeljihia in a book prepared bjr the purpose, in which will be entered, so far ns known, the owner’s name, tho agent’s name mpresenting the arti- cle.-!, tho Country from which shipped, the date of such shipment, iho name 'jf the importing vessel, and tho date of arrival, the gen- eral description and value of the goods, and tho specific marks and numbers of the packages. Such record will also bo kept in duplicate by a Special Inspector of Customs who, under the direc- tion of tho Secretary of the Treasury, shall bo appointed to iden- tify, forward, and care for packages so properly marked, and iiitendetl in good faith for the E-xhibition, but which may not bu pro£ierly representcil by an owni>r or agent.
A'»‘rc!4//i. When tho said E.xhibition building, or a warehouse BuitaUo for secure cii.stody of articles intended for the E.xhibition, duly authorized for n'oeiving bonded goods, .~l>all bi< ready to receive articles tlmn in the custody of the Collector of ilic |n>ti of Philadr‘l|)hiu. descriptive i)ermits, in duplicate, shall be issued l>y llin said Collector to the Storekeeper of tho port, directing tho ilelivcry of packages iis n'fiuired by the owner or agent, or by tho oflleer.s of tho said Exhibition- - Olio cojiy of which ]>ermils shall bo preserve*! by the* said Storokcep'T, tho second copy to be deliv- ered Avith the goods to ii proper offleer of tlio customs stationed at the said Exhibition buildiii'g or warehouse., to Ix' there k.-jit as a record of goods entered for such Exhibition in addition t.> the duplicate rciiuired to bo kept in a book of proper form ;us before referred to. And all packages shall be oiiened in presence of an officer of the customs, who shall verify the contents from and upon such deseriptive list, correcting and completing It as the facts may rc'[ulre.
Ki(jhlh. In ease of receipt by the Collector at I’liiladclphin of packages imperfectly described or verified, or in regard to whieli information may he received questioning tho good faith of the persons forwarding the same, ho said Collector may direct an examination, in proper form, for the purpose of deteniiiiiing the question, and if, on conference with the Direetor-Gonenil, tho goods are found to have been (orwardo.l not in good faith for said Exhibition, tliey will 1x3 charged with duty according t.i tlifir vuluo anil classification, and held by the said < 'ollect.ir. subject to appeal to tho Secretary of the Trea.sury, to await proper claim and payment of duty by their owners.
Xinth. All charges for transportation, drayage, a'lil freight, aceniirig on goods arriving for the sni.l Exhibition, will be required to be paid by tho ewner or agent at tho time of their delivery Into tho custody of the Collector of Cu-stoms at Philadel- phia, or if on pa.'kages of small bulk or weight, not accompanied by the owner or agent, or consigned to a Foreign t'oimnissioncr, and not exceeding !?.5 In am. Hint, will be charged against the goods as
iloliven-d into the custody of the C.>lle<.tor at I'hilndelpliin. to lio paid with other eliiirges sub- !=.' (iicntly .aci-ruing before llie permit is Issued f..r liii'ir il.'liv.T}- to the Exhibition Imilditig: and on all pjickag.-' csc.-.llng fitly jioiinds ill weight, half- storage, as iirovidi'.l by regulati.jii for tlio storage of ordinary merehandiso in the public warehouso at tlio ]>ort of riiiladeiphia, ivill 1>3 charged against tho goods received and stored therein from the timo of receipt to the time of delivery to the Ex- liibiti.-jii building. Xo fees for entry, jicniiit, or other official act, and nh duties will bo charged upou or against such packages until aft-ir their withdrawal from such Exhibition, f.jr sale, at Its close or during Its continuance.
Tfuth. -Ml articles received and entered lit such MR.S. e- E.xhibition in tho manner hereinbefore provided may, at any time con.sistently 3vith the regulati.jns controlling said Exhibiti.in.bi. withdrawn for sale or delivery to other parlies than the owner or agent concerned in their importation, .»n pay- ment of the duties j.roperly iiceruiiig on said goods aeording to tlw laws in foree at the time of th.' inip.^rtatioa thereof; ami for the purpose of lussossment and detormiiiation of such dntic.s, and for prop.-r irlenfiflcation of th- urtieles, an nflloer of the Appraiser’s B.'partmont of th.' port of Phihidelphia shall be detailed to miiko due e.xarainutioii of tho articles so withdrawn or sold, verifying them by tho record of their introduction, and charging upon a pDper form, to be pn-pared for such purpose the said rate luid amount of duty ; and on I'liyment of th<3 duty .so chan?.,'ii. but without f.-e „r other expHinse®. the owner o'r agent shall receiv.' a permit tor their removal fnmi tlio Ex- hibition.
Arlicle.s dosigned to lie rcturne.l to tho f.ireign country fr .ra which the same ivoro imported, or to be removed from tho United States, will, .at the close of th- Exhibition, or at such timo ns ...ihaU be direet-d by the oOlcers of such Exhibition.
1)0 verifi-d by tho customs officer in cliarg.3 m the Exhlbitinu, r.- cuclos.-d, duly marked, and forward.-.!, midor p.-rmit of th.' l.-ctur at I’hilndelphia,to any otli.-r port f..v exj.ort, or may b- directly MXported from riiiladeliihia. Export entries for such' ns.- will be j.reiiared, correspunding to the import entries uuder p-hieli the gooils were originally received.
Tire'jVt. A Special Iii.s(M'ctor of (’iistoms will, imiler tli.' dir.-.- tion of th.. Soert'tary of the Treasury, nq.ort at intervals to tin- Collect.-irs of the ports of Philadelphia uud of Xew Y.,.rk or of Bueh ..ther j.orts a- he may lx. dir.’cfed to vis t. for the purpose Pf applying the ii'eiilation- h-iviu pr..vM-l,
GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS.
1. Tho Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the Pity of Philadelphia, and will be opi'ned on the 10th day of May, 1S7G, and clo.sed on the lOtli day of November following.
2. All Governments have been invited to aiqioint ( 'i.minissions for the imrposc of organizing their departments of thn Exiiibition. The Director-General should !>.' notified of the appointment of such Fon-ign rommissions beforo January 1, I.S75,
Full diagrams of th.' tmildiugs and grounds will 1»? turnishe.l t.» the Foreign Commissions on or before February ] , 1S7,*), indicat- ing Ihe localities to be occupied by ouch nation, subject, Imw- '■ver, to revision an.! naidjustmi-iit.
3. Applications for si«»co un.l ii.'gotialiniLs relative thereto must be conducteil tvitli llio Commission of tho country where the article is produced.
4. Foreign Commissions are requested to n.'tify the Direetor- Genorol, not later than May 1, FS75, whether they desire any increase or diminution of the apueo offered them, mid the amount.
5. Ih-forc December 1, 1S75, the Fori.-ign Commissions must fumisli tho Dlroctor-General with apiiruxinmto plans showing the manner of allotting tho space assigned to them, luid also ivith
; lusts of their exhibitors, and other inforiimtion necessary fortlK3 ' preparatii'n of tlie Official Catalogue.
Products brought into the United States, at tlio jKirts of Now Y.>rk, Boston, Portland (Mo.), Burlington (Yt,), Su.sponsion Driilgo (N. Y.), Detroit, PnrtHuron (Mich.), Chicago, Philadelphia. Balti- more, Norf.ilk, New 0rle.ans, and San Francisco, iiileiidod f..r display at the International Exhithtion. ivill bo allowo.l to go forward to tho Exhibition buildings, uuder proper suporvlsion
GILLESPIE, PBESIDEXT OF THE WOMEN’S CEXTENN
of customs officors, witlioiit examination at such port.s of original ' cntiy, and at the clos.' of th.' Exhibition 3vill ho allowed to go for- ward to the port fr.im 3vhich they are to 1x3 expeeted. No dutio.s will b'j levied upon such goods, unless entered for consumjai.in in the Uiilt..'d Stat-s.
0. Th" transportation, receiving, unpaeking. and arranging .d till' products for exiiibition 3vill be at tin' expense ."'t the exhibitor.
1. The iii.stalliition of heavy articles requiring special foundu- , tions or adjustment sh'3uld, by special arrangement, begin as soon I as the progress of tho work upon the buildings 3vill permit. The ! general reception of articles at the Exhibition buildings will com- meiico r>ii .January 1, 187G, and no articles will be admitted after Man'll 31, ls76.
8. Space assigned to F.'reign Commissions and not occupiird oil th.' l.st of A].ril, 1B7G, will revert to the Director-Goneml for re- assignment.
9. If jiroducts are not intendcii for comi'Ctition, it mii-st be so I
stated by the exhibitor, and they will lx- excluded from the exam- 1 illation byihe International Juries. i
HI. All Official Catalogue will be piiblishoil in four distinct vr- j BioRs— viz., Engiisli, French, Gcnnan, ami Spani.sh. Th" sab' "f i Catalogues is reserved to th" C'cnteiiiiial (’ommissioii.
Th.,- seven departmneU of th.- elassification 3vliieh ivill detcr- iiiiiie the relative location of articles in tho Exhibition— except in su.'h collcctivu exhibitions ns may rceeivo special sanction— and also the arrangement of names in the Catalogue, are ns foll.iws;- I, Mining. II Maiiufaetures. Ill, E.lii'-aU..in and Heience. IV, Arl. V, Machinery. VI. Agriculture. VII. Horticulture.
11. For.'i'gn Commissions may jiublisli Catalogues of their
[liitjn.."!,]
.\ limited iiuaiitil.v <jfa?l.
charge. I- f'.r -p.e'". uii and water puwe
gratuitously. The quantity of each will lie settled definitively at tho time of the allotment of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in l■.xc■^'.ss of that allowed will be furnislied by the Tcn- t-nnial rommission at a fixed price. Demamls for su.-h exenss .if power must also bo scttl.-d at the timo of the allotment of sjiacc.
I. 3. E.xhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-casa>, shelving, counU'rs, fittings, etc., 3vhich they may roqiiiro ; and all I'oimtershafts, with their ]niHeys, belling, etc., for tho transmis- sion of poivcr from Iho main shafts in the Machinery Hull. All iimuigement.s of articles and decorations must bo in conformity with the general j.lan adopted by the Director-General.
Special c.mstructlons of any kind, whether in the buildings nr grounds, can only bo made upon tho written approval of tho Director-General.
The Centennial Commission wilt lake prceaiitions for the .safe preservation of nil objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no 3vay be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating.
II. Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or Foreign Commissions may insure their own goods.
15. Foreign Commission-s may employ ivutchmen of llieir own ehoiec to guard their goods during the Imurs the Exhibition is open to tho public. Appointments of such 3vatchnicn will bo subj.-ct to the approval of tho Director-General.
Foreign Commissions, or such agents ns they may designate, shall Ikj responsiblij for the receiving, iiiijinokiiig. and arningc- ment of objei'ts, as wdl as for their removal at the close of tho Exhibition ; but no jhtsou sliail be ]icrmitti'd to act as such agent until lie can give to tho Dir.'ctor-Gi'iicial wrilti'ii .-videneg of his having been ajiprovi'd by tho proper Commission.
IG. Each package must 1"3 addressed “To tho Commission for [Anme <>/ rnwUn/} at the Inter- national Exhibition of 1876, Philudclphia, United States of America, ’’ami should have at least two luijcls aifixed t'l diff-Ti-iit but not oppo.site .si.lcs of each ease, nnd uivjiig tho following iiif.>miation : 17.(1) Tim "oimtry from which it comes; (2) name or firm of tlu- exhibitor; (3) rcsideimo of tho exhibitor; (4) department to which objects belong;
(5) total number of packages .-a-nt by that exhibitor;
(6) serial number of that partiiuilar package.
1.8. IVithin each package should be a li-f of nil
object.®.
19. If no .authorized pers.ui is at hand to rceeivo goods on their arrival at the Exhibition building, theyrvill be removed witlmut d.-luy. nnd stored at the cost and risk of 3vhomsoover it may eoncom.
20. Articles that are in any way diingcrou.s or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, ami empirical preparations whose ingredients are con- ci-alcil, will not be admitted t.,. the Exiiibition.
21. The removal of goods will not be permitted I'rior to the close of tlu' Exhibition.
22. Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of articles exhihited, will only be allowed upou the joint ass.-nt of tho exhibitor and the Director-General; but views of p.irtions of tho building may bo made upon tlm Director-General’s Banction.
23. Immediately after the elosn of tlio Exhibi- tion, exhibitors shall remove their effects, and complete sueli removal before Deei.mbcr 31, 187G. Goods till'll remaining will im ri'inoved by llm Direetor-G.'iieral ami sold for expiuisns, or otlier- wiso liispos.'d of imd.'i- tho dircetioii of tho ('..-ii- t.-nniul Commission.
24. Eiich person who an exh bilor
tlir'i'i'by aekn<)wl"dg.‘s fui.l uiuli'ilak'-s 1o kep Iho lilies and regulations estabiisli.-.l for tho govern- ment of the Exliltiilioii,
Spi-i'iiil regulations will be issu.'.l e. -iii-eriiiug the i xhibition of Hue iirl.-, tlu' .n-gaiiiziit on of jn- leniatioiiul jiirii'*, awuni.s "t priz.'.-., and sale.', . f special ai1i.*les witliii; the buildings, ami .>n .itlier I'.'iiits not touched ui.on in these preliiiiiunry instructions.
2.5. C.iramunieations eoncerning tho Exhiliition should be uddre.ssed to •• The Director-Geiu'ral , Inter- national Exhibition, 1870, Philadelphia, Pa.. U. H. A."
Tho Centennial Cominis.sion reservi.-s tho right to exjilnin or amend these regulations, whenever it nuiy be deemed necessary for tho int-rests of tlio Exhibition.
A. T. GojHOhn, Jlirorl'ir-fieiural.
John L. Campbell, .s'ccrrtury. rhilndrhihia, Jni'j 4th. 1874.
Folluwiiig tlie.se wo give an official list of tlireptions to foreign cxliiliitor.®, as issneil by the Director-General of the Exiiositioii, aiul also the siseciiil regulations governing the Exhibition of Fine Arts :
SPECIAL REGULATIONS •
G’ormiiTij the Krhit’Uion nf Fiit- .Iris o( the Inleniali'tnal Krhihilinn nf Kighleen Ilnwlred mi.( at Phitad.dphic.
Fir.d. Tho Exhibition will Im opened on tho IGtli day of May, 187G, and closed on tho 10th day of Noviinber following.
.‘•'ccom/. Works of Art will be admitted for exhibition, whether I n-vioiisly exhibited or not.
Third. A). plications for space .and negutiatinris relative '.hereto must be eoiidueted with the Commission of the country of which the applicant is a citizen.
Filirth. No cluirge 3vill be mnile forspaci'
Fifth. Till' udniissiou of foreign works of Art to th" Exhibi- tion, i-xcejit those referred to in Rule IN., ivill be left to the Com- mission appointed by the rcsi'ective Goveniment.®.
.‘-■|>//i. Foreign packages for this department must b" iiuirkcd •• .\rt r’"partmi.-iU.’'imd addressed to- the rommission bir [A'luic <‘f Tiit'-riiationul E.xhil.ilion, I'liilad"lpliia, U, S. A.
fHTriilh. Tlic works of foreign !irti.--ts ivill b<- [ilaccd in Ihe ear" of tlic Coiiimissiou of the counlty to ivhi"h they Iw'long Kl^hih. Work -7 of b-reign artists, belonging to resident-* r,f th" Uiiiloii Stat'-*, V. ill b«' admitted on tin- approval -i the Coii'nihree of S"lcction, fur e.xhibition in a special gaih-ry.
i’AYINd OFF WOKKHEN AT THE 00 N Til A CTOllH ’ HUILDINO, UN THE CENTENNIAL GliOUNDS, IN FAIIOIOUNT PAKK
36
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
THE PENS 8IAT0E FOR FAIRMOUST PARK.
Xinlh. PoreiRn Commissions will transmit to tlio Diroctor- Oononit prior to March 1st, 1876, information coneoriilnR tho works of Art to bo exhibited by their citizens that may bo neces- sary fur tho preparation of tho OlBcial Catalogxio.
Tenth. Tho installation of works of Art admitted to the Exhibi- tion will bo under the supendsion of tho Commissions of tho country to which they bclonR.
Eleventh. All works of Art must bo of a hiRh order of merit, and those pniduecd by citizens of tlie United States will \tc ad- mitted to the Exhibition only on tho approval of tho Committee of Selection.
licelflh. Packages forwarded by exhibitors in tho United States, tor admission to this department, must 1>o marked "Ait Department, International Exhibition, rhiladelphia." There must bo also nltached to tho outside and inside of each package a label giving tho name and address of the exhibitor, and tho title and iiiimbor of articles in tho package.
Thirleenih. All pictures, wlicther round or oval, should bo placed ill squart' frames. Excessive breadth in frames or pro- jecting mouldings should bo avoided. Shadow tK)xes will not bo allowed to project more than one inch beyond the frame. Gla.ss over oil paintings will not bo permitted.
Psnrleeit/h. Works of Art intended for sale will lie so desig- nated in tho Official Catalogue.
Fifteenth. All works of Art must bo in rhiladelphia prior to April 1st, 1876, and, after liaving been admitted under the rules, shall not bo removed before the close of the Exhibition.
Sixteenth. Eaeh person prosonting works of Art fur admission thereby agrees to comply with the special rules established for this department and tho general rules for tho government of tho Exhibition.
A. T. Goshors, Director-General.
John L. CAStPUELL, Serretnrj,
March U, 1875.
Tlie stock certificate of tho Centemiial Exposition, to which we have already rcfeiTotl, or an apjiropriate ttourenir of tho occasion, was oiifpmved in tho United States Treasury Engraving Department, and is n remarkably fine specimen of that class of work. The de.sign is pyraniiilal, America forming tho apex, with Fame and Art, porsoiiified, sitting at her feet. The busts of Wa.shingtt)U and Grant on cither side, typical of the commencement and end of the centnry. America is rc]>rcscntod ns xvelcoming the representatives of foreign nations, who bear -samples of their national industries and resources. Indcpondenco Hall and the National Capitol are in the background. Eencath the former stand Fulton and Fitch, with thoir steamboat models, and under the latter, Franklin and Morse, with electricid and telegraphic instruments. On the right, facing the figure of America, is Howe ofl'ering his sewing-machine, abo a shipwright with a model of a clipper. The Freedman, Con- tinental, and Federal soldiers and mechanics form a group on the right, and a farmer, miner, trapper, and Indian, with evidences of their labor, on the left. In the crtitre of the base is Trumbull’s i>aiiitiiig of “ The Signing of the Declaration of Indepen- dence," on the right of which is exemplified Progress — a bn.sy manufacturing city in contrast with a neglected R-indmiD. To the left of tho base is represented Cixilizu- tion — combining the railroad, telegraph, steamship, and reaping-machine, in con- trast with a Conestoga wagon, mail-rider.
sailing -vcs-scl, and a laborer with a sickle. The legend in the body of the certificate wn.s cngi-aved by a new and ingenious process, and is most cre- ditable, as is also the j)rinting, the Dcpartmcait evidently being determineil to make the work worthy of the nation and the grand commemorative occasion.
■\Vith tlii.s illu.striitivc memorial niay properly be cla.s.sed the Centennial Medal, struck at the Mint at Philadelphia in accordance with the A<d of Congi'ess alre.ady given. The diescription of this medal b as follows : Tho design of the obverse represents the Genius of American ludepeiidence rising from her recumbent position, griisping with her riglit hand tho sword with which to enforce her demand.s, and raising her left to the thiitceu stars, which, indicating the original colonies or States, are blazing in the firmament. Beneath is the date 177R. The reverse displays the Genius of Liberty, with the now ornamental sword buckled to her giriUe, the Stars and Stripes at rest in her right hand, while with the other she extends a hand to the Arts and Sciences to do honor to tho date 187G, which is inscribed upon the platform. These medals have been struck in bronze, silver, and other metals.
The clas.sification of articles to be oxliibited at the Centennial Exposition is simple and comiire- hcusivc. It embraces tho following ten depart- ments :
1. Itaw Material.?— Minerals, VeRPtalile and Anim.al.
2. Materials and Manufactures u.'.ed fur Food or in tho Art.s, tho ro.sult.s of extractive ur comhiniiig processe.?.
3. Textile and Felted Fabrics — Apparel, Costumes and Ornaments for tho person.
4. Furaituro and Manufactures of general uso In Con- struction and in Dwellings.
5. Tools, Implements, Machine.? and Proci?s.si's.
C. Motors and Transportation.
7. Ai>panitus and Methods for tho Increase and Difru&ioti of Knowledge.
8. Engineering, rublic Works. Architecture, etc.
9. Plastic and Graphic Arts.
10. Objects illustrating tho cfTorts for tho Improvement of the I'hyslc.al, Intclloctunl and Moral Condition uf Man.
These departments are subdivided into groups and clas.sc.s, to facilitate tho an-nngemeut and di.siilay of the various articles placed on exhibition.
A still more comprehensive classification than this Is fininil in the following table of seven grand divisions :
Acres
OepartmentB. Buildings. covered.
1. Mining and Metalhii^’. \
2. Manufactures.. t Main Building 21.17
3. Education and Science. )
4. Art Art Gallery . 1.5
5. Machinery Machiin^ry Building, . , 11
G. Agriculture Agricultural Building . 10
7. Horticulture . . Horticultural Building .. 1.5
Total 48.47
The li.st of special buildings croch'd onbide of tho.se belonging to the Centennial Exposition proper is led by that of the United States Government, which covera fmu' and a half acres, and in which space will be occupied by rcjirescntative exhiliitions from tlie Wai', Treastu-y, Nax-y, Interior, Post Ofticc, and Agricultural Departments, and the Smithsonian Institution.
ITie ‘Women’s Centennial Executive Committee — an off- shoot of the Contonnial Ooimnissiou, comprising lady members from all the difl’cveiit State's — raised S30,000 for tlie erection of a special pax-iliun in which to exliihit w'omcn's work as a specialty. It should bo here recorded that the labors of the iailies xvho liave interested themselves
GICSEri’E DAhSI, ITAI.IAN {'OMMISRIONER TO THE CENTENNIAL l.vrtU.SATlONAL EXHIBITION AT THILAPELPHIA.
in the Centennial have been unremitting, judicious, and ai'duous, xvhile their result will nmiucstionably reflect credit 111)011 their taste, euergj', and iudustiy.
Besides tho United States’ national buildings, other nations liave erected similiu- stnicturos, prominent among these being those eonstnieted by tlic Governments of Ihiglaud, Gei-many, Au.stria, France, Egj'pt, and Japan. Finally, many of the StuU's have followed this example, notably : Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Imliana, Ifiinoi-s, Michigan, Massachu.sett.s. Connecticut, New Hami)shire. jlIi.><.souri, K.aii.sjus, Yii-pfinia, West Vir- ginia, Nevada, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Delaware. Still fiir- tlicr, many trades and industriid 'a.ssoeiations and special indiistriiil intere.sts are jirovided for in separate buildings. Among these are the jihotographers, the carriage-builders, the glass-makers, crncker-bakera, boot and shoe mamifac- tiu'crs, besides a number of individual cxhiliitoi's.
Altogether, the U)t;d number of si>ecinl buildings may probably bo set down at from two hundred to two liuiulrcd and fifty. As an evidence of the eageniess xiith which space was applied for, it may be mentioned that 333,300 sip ft. bad been demanded a,s early ns the 1st of October, 1S7.J. by American cxhil.iitors only. In the machinery building alone there wei’C 1,000 American exhibitors, 150 English, and 1.50 from other European conntrics, being about two bimdred and fifty more than enh'red the Vienna luachineiy exliibitiou. For the art exhiliitioii tho sajio earnest desire for space was manifested from the fir.^t ; apjiheations from abroad calling fur inoi'c than four times the exhibiting area afTordi‘d by tlie gi’cat Memorial IfiiU. One vciy generous and lulmirablc aniingement was that of the Secretarj' of the Naxy, by wliich a United States war vessel called at convi-nient Eimj|>ean 2‘'nrts to collect and tran.?2iort to the exliibitiou the ivories of American arti.sts resident in Europe. ^\jnong the jioiia designateil were Sonthanipton for England, Havre for France, Bremen for Germany, and Leghorn for Italy.
A iic'onliar feature of tlie Exposition Iieriod may be noted in tlie promised gatliering of numerous Orders and Frater- niti(‘s .at Philadelphia at this time, jimong these may be mentioned the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, Indeiiendeiit Order of Od<l Fellows ; Grand Eneami>nient, ludo- Iiendeut tlnkT of Od<l FOhnvs ; Grand Lodge. United States, Indejieiiileiit Order of Odd Fellows ; Clrand CommandeiT, Knights Templars ; Grand Army of the Reimblic ; Presbyterian Synod ; Caledo- nian Club ; Portland Mechanic Blues ; Welsh National Eistedfodd ; Patriotic Order, Sons of America ; a National Re- gatta; the Life Insurance Companies; National Board of Undem riters ; Agri- cultural Societies ; 2nd Infantiy Ri'ginient N. G. of California; Philadelphian Society; Methodist Ejiiseniial Church ; Cincinnati Society ; California Banner Society ; Ame- rican Dental Convention ; Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America; Lidcpen- dent Order of B’nai Beritli ; National Alumni A-ssociation ; Salenieii’s Associa- tion ; 5th Maiylaud Regiment ; American
NEW JERSEY STATE BCILDINO.
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEmiAL EXPOSITION
INDIANA -STATE BUn-DINO.
Pomolngical Society ; Jlaltsters As,sociation of the United States; Army of the Cumberhmd: Humboldt :M..mimeut •Assocititiou : Ciiristojihor Columbus ISIonumeut As-socia- tion ; B.javd of Tmde ; Couveutiou Intemational Typo- graphical Corps ; Life As.sociution of the United States Centennial Legion ; National Medical Congress ; Old VohuiU'er Fire Depaiiment of Philadelphia : and nmnv other.s.
The arrangements on the pai-t of the C^'iitenuiul mauage- nii'ut for tho exhibition of live stuck and general agi’icnl- tural iinprovenients disjday careful thought and judgment. This cxhiliition is set down to occ\\]>y the months of Sep- tember and October. IHTC, fifteen days being devtjted to each chi-s-s. Horse.s, nniles, and as.ses from Sejitcniber 1st to tlv' loth; horned cattle from Seidember 20th to October utji : sheei), swine, and goats from October 10th to the 25th ; the animals, except breeding ,stt)ck and fat and drafting cattle, to bo of ]mre blood and highly meritorious. It is, of cour-se, impcjrbint that the world should see the be.st we can show, while it is probable the eompetitiou mil be between some of the finest specimen.s c)f stoek in tho ■world.
temporary exhibition of ijoultiw is ,'irrniiged from Oetibcr 25tli to November 10th in the coops and boxes in which they are forwarded. They must be fed and attended by the exhibitors, pure breeds only being accepted. Concerning this, it is desirable to csbiblish a permanent exhibition lasting during the six mouths of the Exhibition.
The arrangement for the exhibition of agricultural I machinery contemiilutcs a separate dciiartmcnt from that I of other nmchinery in a section of Agricultural Hall of ten | ^■res. Here are to be displays of mechanical device-s and I implemeut.s used on the farm. Cotton gins, sugar presses, ^ thra-shers. fanning mills, plows (both for animal and steam ' power), reapers, mowers, and hay r.skes are to be tested in j the field, Tho elements of merit are to consist of origin- | ality, utihty, iju-ality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the pur])ose intended, adaiitatiou for jniblic wiuits, and economy in cost.
In addition to the ordimuy live stock, it has also been concluded to hold a show of siiorting and nun-sporting dogs from October 1st to loth, the .animals to be of pure blood and high merit. Exhilhtors to prorido food and attendance.
Fish, and all the processes used in their propagation and culture, are also among the articles to he exhibited, the Commi.s- sionera of Fisheries of the various States being re- quested to take such con- cert of action as slnrll secure a full exhibition of this now and iniportunt national industry.
Coiiceniingfinit, the fol- lowing circular disiUays the intention of the Com- mis.riou: “The display of pomologioal jiroducLs will cover the entire period during which the Exhibi- tion will be ojiencd, though varying in iinjioilance and extent. For instance, b.Trio.s and other small fniits will be include,! in this department, and of th.‘se there uill be certain claa.sc.s, as strawberries
j from the South, ready for exhibition on the opening day,
1 and a variety and quantity will be presented.
I “It '\rill bo ]}crceived that the most important di.splnv -will j be made during Septcml>er and October. The da.s.sificution ' of fruits will be according to their species and variety, all of similar character being assembled together, that a more s.itisfactory conclusion may be reached as to their respect- •j ive merits from difl'crciit -soils and States- All grajics will be in one position : the sjime with apples, peara, and the cntiri'
, list cjf wild fniits and nuts. :^rany being i>crishuble fniits —as the products of the tropics, such molded in wax and j plaster, will be .acceptable. Exhibitur.s may be assured I that the proper amuigeiueut udll be made for the uuiti'd I interests of pomological science. It is lioiKal that th - l>omological societicu of the several States, and individual cultivatoi-s generally, will co-operatc. with a riew to jihice before the world a creditable evidenc.' of the? resource and caijucity of our country in respect to fniit enltnrc and jiro. ducts.” The .space set apart for the pomologiciil contribu- tions is the centre hall of the Agiicultural Building, and i.s the most prominent in the wliole building,
A bird’s-eye view of the entire Centennial gi-onnds, tiiken from the summit of George’s Hill, presents a ihctiive of such magnificent jiroportions, and representing .siu-h a tre- mendous development of energv- and iuchi-sti-y. as to create in the miml of the beholder a ri'asonably fair estimate of the exjireFisiou of the.se (jualities which he beholds spread out before him.
Immediately beneath him, .and on his right, extend.s the great machinery building, running from the extn-me west- em end of the gi-ounds to the point Mhere Belmont and Elm Avenues nearly nuite.
Following on the 1.4fi2 ft,, -whieh represent the length of the building, the eye next meets the even gi-auder ]>ropor- tions of the Main Exhibition Building, wliich completes, with its 1..S80 ft,, the almo-st unbroken line of exhibition space of d.S24 ft. A little to the kit .if this, again, tlu-' obsi>n-er sees the .superb Art Building itself, an arcliiti'ct- mul stnu’tnre iinexcellcil in the beauty of its lines and the general character of its execution ; and r.s an cxeentii'c effort offering a most praiseworthy and crcditiMe exam- [ pic of the architectural tvste and capacity of this country. ^ I'urther north of the main bttilding, and to a point about opposite to its extreme westera end, standing on the ea-st- em extremity of Fountain Avenue, is the beautiful Mau- resqmi sti-ucture. Hortieultiirui Hull, -whieh, with the Art
SWEDISH 8CHOOL-HOVSE.
Building, is destined to give permanent ^•alne and beauty to this portion of Fairmomit I*ark. North of the H.n-ticul- tiiral Building and nu tlie cjLstom side of Belmont .A.venue, and about midway between the rcseiwoir and tho river, -we piTceivc the oddly -shaped Agiiculturul Building, with its surrounding grounds, Scattered about among these mam- moth stnictures are the minor buildings of tho Exposition, while the gi'oimd-s, intevsecti'd with l>r(;ad avenues, and beautified by shado-trce.s. iire.seiit. in ev.-ry ]na-tieular, a most charming and inU‘r.'stiiig seeiie.
On Fel.mary llth, the United States S.'iiate iwsaed th.* TToiiHe Bill ai.pr.ipriating .Sl.'iOO.Ddi) f,,r 1h.- iis.-s of the Uniti‘d Stiit.'s Centi'nnial C’.inimi.ssinij. for the cxpen.ses of the Exposition; on tho Idth the Bill wies signed by the rrc-sident. By the prori.sioii of thi.s Bill the United States becouK* prefem-d erislitora of the Centennial Commi.s.sion.
HKADlSrARTEBS OF THE JAPASE.SE COMMISSION, ERECTED BY X.ITIVE WORKMEN.
SKETCH OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.
Be%-erley, in his “ History of MYginia,” in 1705. refers thus to the dependence of the colonists upon other nations to supply their wants : “They have their elothing of all •sorts from England, ius linen, woolen, and silk, hats, and leather; yet fiax and hemp grow iiowhen* in the world bett.'i' than here. Their sheep yiel.l good increase, and l>cur go(,.l fleeces, but they shear them only to cool them. The mulberry-tree, whose leaf is the proi>er food of tin; silkworm, gi'ows there like .a weed, and silkworms have been observed to thrive extremely, and without hazard. The very furs that their hats are made of. jievhaps, go first from thence. The mo.st of their hides lie and rot, or ni-e made use of only for covering diw-goods in a leaky house. Indeed, some fe;v hides, with much ado, are tanned and made into seiTants’ shoes ; but at so careless a rate that the famers do not care to Imy them if they can get others, and sometimes, perhaps, a better manager than ordinary will vouchsafe to make a 2>.iir of breeches iff .Icerskiu. They are sneh abominable ill-husbunds, that though their eountrj' be overrim with wood, they have all their wooden- WiU'e from England ; their cabinets, chaii's, tables, stools, chests, boxes, cart-wheels, and all other things — e;-en so much as their bowls and birehen-brooms — to the eternal reproach of their lazi-
Tho firat vessel ever constructed in North America by Enropeau.s ■was called the Omw/, and was built ill 101-1 at Man- hattan Itiv<‘r. She was 10 tons burthen, with 38 ft. keel, 44) ft. in length, and 11) ft. wide. In her, Cap- tain Wilkinson, in 1016, discovered the SchuylkOl River, and explored nearly the eutii-e coast from Nova Scotia tr. the Cajies of Tirginia. The lilassachu- setts colony built their first vessel at Salem. She was launched, curionslj enough, on the 4th of •July, 1031. and christened hy Governor Wihthrop, to whom she belonged, 27i3- Bkssiiir/ of the Bo>j.
historical register oe the centenstal exposition.
IN'TKKTOU OF THF CF.NTKN'N'I \T; HI'HKAU OF INSTALLATION— ALLOTTING SPACE TO LXHIBITOHS.
The want of money so great in the cnluny that cum vius miiile a legal teuiler for <lebts.
In 1G4‘2 tlnn-o arriveil at Plymouth a ciiriienter ami suit- maker, who hail been sent out by the Plymouth Company. This salt-maker maile .several iinsnccessfnl attempt.^ at his business of Si\lt-jnaking at Cape Ann ami at Cui>o Coti ; while the ship-carpenter dieil, after building only two .small vesseLs. ^
Tlie Siiw-inill is said to have been iutr<}dueed into Massa- chusetts in 1G33. some years before it was used in England. Even as late ns ITGT, a saw-uiill was destroyed in the latter country by the mob, because it w;is supposed to be de- structive to the work of the sawyers. As late as England depended chielly upon Holland for its sawn lum- ber. Ill 1641 the Ceueral Court of Massachusetts pas.sed an Act to the effect that there ‘ ■ should be no monopolies but of such new iuvention.s a.s were profitable to the coun- try, and tliat for a short time only." Uuder this provision sauung came in and paid a certain royalty. Saw -mills were erected by the Dutch in New York os early as 1633, and were also used there for gi-indiug-mills. Of course, the in- troduction of saw-mills gave a great impetus to house con-
struction. Wheren,s, liefore this, buildings were, men' lints or wif^wains, now they began to be more carefully fash- ioned. These two important industries, house-lmilding and ;;hip-buildiug, had ah-cady been established as early as b;:}:!. Hut honse-bnilding thus far was only by means of j wood ns a material. The first brick-kiln in New Eng- | laud was set up in Salem, Ma.ss., in 1G25K Before this. , even the chimneys had been made of wood, coated with clay. In the first year of the settlement of Jamestown. Yii.. the fort, storehouse, with all its surplus Knpjilies, and most of the rest of the town, were burnt douii by fii-e, originating in a wooden chimucy. The same fate, from the : same cause, befell, in Plymouth, the storehouse within a month of its being finished. In Boston, a fire in 1(j41 was occasioned by the same cause, and thereafter the use of wooden chimneys and thatched roofs was forbidden 1 y Governor Ihidh'y. The first brick house built in Mas.su- chusetts is .said to have been erected in 1628. lu 1692 all buildings of a certain size were ordered by the JIassaelm- setts General Court to be built of stone or brick, and to be roofed with slate or tiles.
In New York, bricks uero early imported from Holland,
mid the style of the hnnscs was in imitation of those of Amsterdmn. Brick-making was introduced by Governor Stuyvesant. Bricks were made at the Van llcimselaer estate, below Albany, before they were at New York. Between 1030 and 1640, bricks were sold at fifteen llorius a thousand.
Eaiihenware. which was said to equal that made at Delft, was early miunifactnred <m Long Lland. The daily wages of carpenters was about 80 I’cnts, and those of day- laborci'H 40 ci'iits a day. Nails were woi'th about 16 to 20 cents per fti of 100 nails. At the beginuingbf this century, a house was still stiuidiug in New C.'astle. iu which Gover- nor Lovelace entertaiiu'd Fox in 1672. The Manor House, built by ■\Villiain Penn, near Pennsborough, was cou- stnicted of bricks lirought from England. This house cost its owner £o,000.
In the Southern cities, wood was the material chiefly used in domestic architecture.
Ill a w-ork called “ Wonder- workings,” published in 16ol, the industries of the New England colonies are referred to, the author mentiouiug the trades of tanning and shoe- makiug. and the gn-iit aliility and industiy iu the latter.
QrAKTERS or THE SPANISH CORPS OK ENaiSEERS.
V
JIISTORICAL RRGTSTER OF THE CEJVTENN/AL EXROS/T/OjV.
11
WuiiKMKN'd 'i'K.MlvKAllY CjUAltTMU.'
II;' iil.st), imiuiig cither trades, cavtiiiukers,
glnvci'8, fuvriera, and tillers. In the Assc'mhly of the IJmted t'olunie.s of Coimoolieut i>xssed laws lixing tlie prices fur tanning and fur liides, ns also tlnxse for which shoeuiakei’s were permitted to inalc(‘ shoes.
Tlte first cattle ever brought to .\inerica arc said to have been iiitrodnccd by Culunibns in his s.^con<l voyage in M'.KJ. In lo,i3, cattle were carried by the Portuguese' to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and are said to have in- creiLSod tlu'l'C very rapidly. In lOOh, hogs, giiat.s, .sheep, und horses were introduced into Virginia; and the follow- ing vear another stoelc of cattle wu.s brunght tliither frenu the West Indies. In Kith, the cattle ofVirginia, including bulls, cows, and calves, were estimated to imniber 20,00if, with 20n horses and h,UlH) sheep, o,0()0 goats, and many swine, many of wliieli were exported to New Ilnglaiid, where the diver.sitifs of industries made them more valuable. In Lb ' Fhiinonth the fu-st cattle wore iutrodueed in 1(124. In 1{)2(1 twelve cows were sent to Cape .Aim, and in 1(120 thirty mure were sent. The Indians and the wolves were Very destructive to In.' aiiiiuals of the colony, and yet tho increase of this stock was very ra^iid.
Ill New York domestic cattle were imported from Holland by the West Iiidi i Company in 11525. In 1(527 a eow was worth there .COO, and a yoke of oxen £10. Now Jei-sey was provided with cattle from Ni’W York, and tlieh' in- crt'iU50 here soon made this province one of the storehouses for the snpidy for the States of Penn- sylvania. Di'laware, and New Y'ork. In 1(527 Penn- sylvania was supplied with neat eattle by the Swedish West India Company.
Ill Pennsylvania, in l(lb7, among tho tnah's in vogue, were tanners, glovers, Blioeinakers, bookbindei's, und car- ri.igcmakci's.
Stone was not used a.’ a building material in the colonies until 1752, when
King's Cjijt.'l, i:i Poston, was built of a Braintree granite. The Hiiteh of New York put stone on tlu' free list in KUO. to encourage it ; iutrodnotion from abroad— when it might have been had for tlic (inanwing clo.so by, in New Jersey, (^nan-ying at (^iiiuey, JIa.s.s. . begin early in the lu-csciit eeiitury, and the first railroad in the coimtry was built from these iinarrie.s, three miles from the Nepouset Riv.'r, in 1827. It was a horse-railroad, designed for the trans- purtatiim of this stone for shiimieiit. Anu'ncan marbles were first usi'd for making Imsts in Philad'.'liiliu in 1n04. The Portland, Conn., ipiany of brown fivestune or ailul- stonc lias been worked for more than a century, ami stone is now taken from that quany at a depth of more than two hundred feet below the Conneelicut River. In these quaiTies were often set-n fossil footprints of gigantic birds, .some with the footpnnts mea.suring sixteen inches in length and tc'ii in widtli, and the tmeks from four to six feet apart. The .stone fiom here is extensively used in New York, whole streets of residences in the npix’r part of the eity being built either of the solid stone or of briek faeed with stone veneering.
lUK uumsu tiOVKUSMCin' Dl'IiaUNUH-
lii 180.5, a eoinpany was incoiporaR il in I'eunsylvama fer obtaining sl.ite sui'plies in Norlhimiberlmid Comity. Since then other companie.s have been iiieorpomteil in Pennsyl- vania. New York, and iMavyland, Tim <iuarvic's on the Piscataipia River, forty mile.s above Bangor, in Maine, were opened in 1830.
CLOTHS.
In regard to the mamifactnre ofeloUis. in lla- ('ally day.v 1 of tlie settlements of the colonists, the di.stafV and spiiidl '
‘ njipear to have been used, though these were soon sni)ev seded by the spinning-wheel. In those days. England sought by every means in her power to suppress the nidns- h-ies of 'li.'i' colonic'.s. But. despite tin' ivstrietions she placed upon the exportation of cloths made in America, tli.' manufacture continued. In the early jiart of the last een- tmy, a pnblie meeting was held in Bciston. at which a com- mitte.' wu.s aiipninted lo report upon tho propriety of estab- lishing spinning - schools for the instvnetioii of ehildii n in the town. This resulted in the ereetimi of a larg>' briek buildin;; upon Tr. niont Stiwt, eml Ic'matieally de- eorated with a figure iqion its fa(,-ades of a woiiiaii spinning. At its ( ipi-uing an immeiise cr< iwd gathered, the women of Boston coming in large numbers, eaiiying their 1 pinning- wheels, und dis- playing their dexterity in using them. In 1837, a tax was laid niion prii-ato eaiTiages and other ln\- iirie.s, for the bi'iiefit of this s]iiiming-sehool.
During the War of In- depeudeiiee the poiiulatiou was dependent for snpplic s of clothi s upon home i x- evtions. After the inven- tion of the spiiininc;- jeiiny by Hargiuves, and of the spinning-frame by Arkwright, it was for a, long time impof5.siblo to obtain these implement.^ iu America, so joidously did England i> r e vent tbeu' exportixtion. It has bi'eu said that models of
42
HISTORICAL REGISTER
OE THE CEHTEHXIAL EXPOSITIOA'.
1 Japoutee wurkoiea prcpanog tlieir
1 Il« ,b,.t U - aaimn, n,„ tlmb,r from H.ll
6, Sa«i,g 7. L'sing the adz. 8. Around the Cre.
EEECTION OF THE JAPANESE BUILDINGS ON THE CENTENNIAL GKOUNDS, IN FAIEMOUNT
4 Erecting the Jaji
dwelliog-bouae.
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION
4.T
niiidiinw, simvll rjiimgli to bo cnueealoil in n tnink, wrvo sci7;i'd by thr Customs aiitUoritios ami con- liHcatoil. Dospitc tlioso jirroautions, however, to prevent the spread of the use of Ihu maehiiiei-y. the business was promoted in the United States by the establishment of a cotton factory at Beverley, Miuss.. in 17S7. Some of the handkerchiefs made here wiTO still in existence a few years ago, and were of a remarkably fine and solid texture, Possibly specimens of these may turn u]> at the Centen- nial. Of Ark %\Tighfs machines, the first used were in a mill at Pawtucket, li. I,, which commenced o]x?rations in 1700,
Plymouth is still extant. Indeed, the quantity of chests, bedsteads, chairs, and bureaus which are .-co'/ to have been brought over by the .Voy/fm/'c/-, would load a fleet of full- sized steiimship.s. For the first few years after the settle- ment of the colonies, all the best furniture — chiefly of mahogany, tliough sometimes of oak — was imporUxl. Among the first jiieces made in this country were ccoiiom- 1 [ ieal ai-ticles, such as tables bung against the walls, which, when not in use, might be timicd down, thus saving con- siderable siiaeo. These, of course, were made of native woods. After a wliile onr “West India trade led to the im-
try people, in JIassachusotts for instance, to erect forges in chimney corners, and in ^ intt'i'. in the ovoiungs when little work conM be done, to mak<' quantities of nails — even tlm cliildren taking paid in this industry. These maimfae- tnrera took the rod-iron from the merchant, nJid returned him the nails.
, About 177(1. Jeremiuh Wilkinson, of Cumberland, 11 I,, engaged in mamifaeturing band-cards used in si)imiing, found tbe price of tacks so bigli. <<wing t(» t\u‘ llevolutiou and to the tiiiu* and labor necessiiry to their maimfai'tnro by the hand proees.s, invented a process for cutting them
PLACING COLOiSSAL STATUES AT THE E.VSE OF THE D03IE OF MEMORIAL HALL.
In ISIO, such a mill, supplied with cotton machinery, wa.s erected near I'hiladelphia. The first cotton-mill ever built in the world, Avliieh combined all the requisites fur making finished cloth from raw cotton, is said to luiva becu erected in Waltliaiii, JIa.«s., in 1813.
FUR XI TV HE.
Our ancestors obtained the most of their house firnii- tuve, iiatnvidly enough, from England : and some of the furnitiu-e brought over by the settlei-s at Jamestown and
I portution of mahogany, which was worked up solidly and ^ in veneers into high-bai-ked, uncomfortable chairs, tall lied- ' .steads, hugebnrean.s, and side-boards, containing enormous I closets, etc. Afterward eamc ro.sewood from tbe West lu- I ilies and South America, and fimiitiire beg.an to be made,
I for those who cunl>l aflbrd to purchase it, from this beauti- I fill material.
I NAILS.
I The first nails made in the United States were raaunfac- ) tured by a hand 2>rocess, imd it was common for the couu-
with a pair of sheai-s, and the heading them in ft xfise. A machine for cutting and heading nails was invented about 17S10. bv Jacob Perkins, of Newbnryport. It was iiatented in 17J'), and is said to have been able to tum out 10,000 nails a dav. In 178G a machine was invented by a citizen of Bridgewater, Muss., for cutting taek.s and nails. This macliine made, in 181o, 150,000,000 tacks. A son of its inventor patented, in 1807, a machine for making and heading tacks, which turned them out at the then very wonderful .siieed of 00,000 jicr day.
DKCLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AT rATEMOUNT X’ARK.
V
insrORICAL Rf.GJSTJiR OR rilF. CENTRNNIAL EXPOSmON.
ArPEAEANCE OF AGHICULTUUAL JIALL WHILE IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION.
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W<- |
In 178J1, Samuel BriR^s, of PIiilaAi'liiliia, memorialized tliG State LoRinliiture of I’ennsylvania and General Con- gress on the subject of a maeliinc for making nails, screws and gimlets, an<l deposited with them, in a box, a model of his nail-machine. In August, 17fU, he, wifi i his son, reooived the first patent for a nail-making machine issued by tho ITnited States. A second patent of tho same kind was granted in rebruary, 17'J7, to Thomas Perkins, in Phila- clelidiia.
GLASS,
Tim introduction of the. manufaeturo of glass in tho United States was oontcmporuncous with the settlement of the country. 'With the establishment of the lirat colony in Jamestown, in U»07, some of tho colonists brought over with them “ trials ” of pitch, tar, glufw, fmnkinccnse, and soup ashes. Tho first glaas manufactory was set up in the woods about a mile from Jamestown, Va.
Ill 1021 a fund was subscribed to establish a factory of glass beiiils, to bo used as cuvreney in the trade with the Indians for fiu-s.
In the scttlomcutu of Minwachnsetts, the first o.stablish- ment of a gla.ss maiiufac.toiy is s.aid to have been made at Germantown, near Braintree. Glaas bottles alone were said to hnvo been made here, and the business wa.s earriej on until tho Revolution, when the buildings were destroyed 1)Y fire. Ill H>39 a gla^s-house wiw established at Sidem, and the Court gi-antcd aeverid acres of gi-ound adjoining the liou.se for tho purpose of aiding tho cuteipriso. In 1G41 tho Court fmrlher authorized tho authorities of Salem to lend tho proprietor £30, to bo deducted from the next town-rate, and to bo paid by tho bon-ower if tho work succeeded. Bottles and inferior kinds of glas.s wero made here.
The use of glass was not common in tlio old cmmtry, and, of course, not in tho colonies. In 1752 the General Court of Ma.s.sacbusett.s pas.scd nii Act granting the sole privilege of making glas.s in tho province to Isaac C. Wesley. In New York some little glas,s was manufactured, and a glass-house is named ns existing in Philadelphia in 1683. The biisiupss did not, liowevor, nssnmo any importaucc in the country before the Revolution, although glass was ouo of the articles taxed by tho mother country. Lord Shef- field, writing to England, says, “There are glass-works in Pennsylvania, and glass is made in New Jersey ; but there is no quantity of ghiss made in America as yet but bottle.s.”
In 1788 tho New York Legislature voted a loan of £-3,000, for eight year, to the proprietors of a glass factory near Albany, wiiicb, in 1797, beenmo the Hamilton Glass Fac- toi'y, and was exempted from taxation by the State for five yeai-s. In Pittsburgh, which is at present tlic mo.st impor- tant centre of the production of glass iu this country, tho first factory was begun in 1795. Among the papers of Gen- eral OTIiira, whoso name was given to the gi'cat O'Hara
THE MAIN BL’ILniSCJ.
ADORSISG THE TO^STIBS
Glass-works at Pittsburgh, was found at his death a mem- orandum, “To-day we made tho first bottle, at a cost ol S30,000.”
POTTERY.
In colonial times, wooden dishes and pewter jilntters were used ahnost entirely; and the grandmothers of the present generation t<iok as gi'eat a pridii in keeping their pewter dishes brilliantly polished as is now felt in having gold and silver in the same condition. Iu fact, it i.s only within this cciiturj’ that chiua and porcelain have come into general use. Potters, however, came out from England with tho fii-st settlers, both with tho Plymouth ami Virginia colonists. The Dutch, too, in their .settlements in New York and the. adjacent conntiy, introdne«'d tlie making of pottery; and such manufactories were cstablisluxl in the different colo- nies. All extensive be<l of kaoline was discovered in 1810, and a company was organized for tho puipose of making liorcelain. In 1819, the manufaohire of fine pnreebin was commenced in New York, mid in 1S27 a manufactory- in I’oimsylvania brought this industry U> nil extensive and successful iioiut of development.
The first factory iu this country of Anu'rieaii <^)necn's ware was set up in 1«25 ; and even at that time our manutaeture.s were claimed to be second only to those of Frimcc.
HATS.
Among the industries of America, the manufacture of hats has always held a prominent position. As early ns lfi()2, the colonial government of Virginia offered a pre- miiun of ten pounds of tobacco for every hat mado in the pnmneo, In 1672, some liath-i-s iu Slasyicluisotts attempted to obtain from the General Court the oxclmsivc privilege of the nianufaeture. Protection wius early applied to the raw material of thi.s manufacture. In 1675, the exportation ■was prohil'ited, and. in l/O-i, the liat-iiiakei-s were giviai leave to introduce a bill for the prohibition of tlie exporta- tiou of goods for tho manufacture of felt ; and, in 1731, the felt-makers of London complained to Parliament that the foreign markets M ere supplied from America, and therefore they petitioned to have the export of hats from America into foreign markets iirohibited. In consequence, a special committee M-as appointed to examine the .subject, an<l re- ported that in Ncm- England and Now York as many as ten thousand hats were weekly made and exported to all parts. Parliament enacted that “no hats, or felts, dyed or nn- dvL-d, finished or milinished, shall be put on board any vessel, or in any place for oxpoi-tation from thi'iioe to any other jilace M-hatever, under pain of forfeiture thia-cof," and the offender -was likcM-ise to im- £500 for eveiy such offence. This remained in force until abrogated by the Revolution. Its effect, however, though intended to ho the de.stmction of tho niannfactuii' .J hats iu the colonics, failed iu that direction, as largo niauufiictories ivoro still maintained and the gooils importt“l.
II/STORICAL REG/ST/iR (V- THE CEXTEXXI. \L
47
Exposiriox.
Aftov the succus^^fn] torminiili>m rjf the Ki.'vnlutkm, the Jmainess increasril steiuhly. iunl before l^iOO was eaniod on in eveiy State of the 11111011. By the census of 181(1, returns were made of the iiiannfiieture of hats to the viiluo of Sl.;i2:i,711. In a enuventiun estimated the bat
niamifactiiro at fifteen millions yearly.
SILK.
Silk cuUnre was jn-oposed by Janies I. on the settlement of Virf^iiiia. and that monareh scut supplies of silkwonns' eggs from his privati- stores to the colony. Tliis indii.stry
another to Lord Chesterfield, and the third wa.s the dress of Mra. Ilun-ey.
In 1837. in a report of the Congre.ssioiial C'onnnittce on Mannfaetures, it was stab'd that it laid been found pme- ticable to raise' mulberry -trees and silkwonns in the United States. (Jia' .spoeimen of (he umn's mnllfioiUs would .su.stain suffieieiit .silk-worms to raise 120 lbs of ' silk, worth §G10. The Xew England States were nil of 1 them engaged in the manufacture, and the Governments of the.se encouraged the industry by bounties. In all the States miieli interest wiw felt in the subject,
THE EXrilESS BUSINESS.
One of the must remarkable iinlustrics ever prosecuted in any country — of neither an agricultural or a nianii- factiiriug character - certainly deserves a jilace in tin';; sketch.
The exjire.ss business i> a va.st tmnsportation agency, which, from the smalli'.--t po.ssible beginning, has in less than halt a century extendeil its Bnareaii aims (O'cr this cntii'c country, and laus even ii-aelied across ocean.s to most distant lauds, pro-;'eiiting with jierfeet .safety, ccler-
ri,.^riNa THi; a
was lint, liiiwevei', eoiiriiied to ^ irginia : but evisy oiio of the colonk's boemne interested, ninl mori' or l>'-s silk was raised in all. from iilas.'sachusetts to Georgii. I11 17SH, the Presidi-nt of Yale College wore at the commencement of the college a silk ovn iinde from materials raised nnd woven ill Coii’v-tient. Various siiocimcns of silk were raised, one of wliieh is .an entir.' dres^ in tie po.w.s.sion of Tilm. Harvey, of South Carolina, \Giirli wa-i niaile from a piece of silk inaimfactuivd from .silk raised near Chuiieston ill 1755, aud from which tluve ib'ossos were made, one of which was present’.-l to the TYinofsa Dowager I'f
iLOSSAt. BltONZl' ST.U'UES OF PEGASUS IN FltONT UF
I In 1838 t’l • specnlatiuii in mulberry-trees eulmin.ted, the excit 'i.ient in this hortienltiiir.l 111 mi,: haviiej; risen to i a lieight never before cqiuded, except by that of the John ' Law INIis-sis-sippi s-'Iieiue in Fraiiee, or the givat ■' Tuber ■ cxcitcmimt in England and Ilollaiil. Single mulberry- j trees .sold at -■Un ( ..eh, and everybody went vvild over the ! businew. A grand revulsion followi'tl. and most of the I iiursc-ries were abandon. .1 or ilestroye.l. Two years 1 it' r,
I /(loc/'s trees, hi-altliy and well bram-lied. weV"
offered at three cents eaeli, aud even at that price found ' no buyere.
MEMORIAL HALL.
itv, and economy a tr.ide of the greatest po sib! ■ iini'ort- .auee to eoininerec aud ' ivili'atioii.
In 18^1’. AViUnun F. Harndrii, of Boston, at the iiist.iiuM of some friends, advcrtisi'd that he would make ri-giilar tri]u as' a me.s,sciigLT between Boston aud New York, by tie' Frovideni' ll.iilruud, and the steamboat from tbere toNeiv York, aud would t.ike personal eliargi. of sueli .'.mall pack- age.s nr orders us .should be entrusted to liim. In aeeonl- aiiee with this ainiuunoement, Hurndeii made his first triii on the 1th of Jrarch, 1830, being freighted ^\ith a few j'ack- Pgpa of book" fum; booksell'.'V • ■'iiV' "Vd'.-i'. (uid e"'tain
HISTORTCAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
grank’J him a loan of for foiiryears. In 1777, Oliver Evans invented a machine for manufacturing cards, u hich is said to ha^•e produced them at the rate of three hundred a minute. In 17SS, a firm in Boston commenced their manufacture with nmcliinery. u hich it is said was invented liy Evan.s. In 1784, a niiU'hiiK' wa.s invented which cut and I'cnt the tirth, and was capable of produehig 80,000 in an hour.
At timt dog-j>ower was used for cutting the teeth bynia- ehinery. The dog mn six maehiue.s. each of which cut twelve pounds in a day. The.so teeth were put up in boxes and distriluited among many pci-sons, who stuck the teeth into the caixli anil rcturntsl them complete.
amounts ol money from th breikera, in Southern and Wesh-rn bank-notes, to exchange and deliver. Prom tliis time Mr. Hamden found hiinsi'If engageil in a conshmtly increasing ami lucrative business. He undo contracts with the. railroatl and steamboat companies, incrcascil the fn- fpiency of hia trijis, and. with a masterly disjilay of .shrewd- ness, at once gained the favor of the I’rcss by bringing them inattcr in advance of the mail.s. Tlio advantage.s of thi) system were promptly recognized by the mercantile inter ests of the two cities, and soon hi.s bttsiness increased to such an extent that it became necessary to organize it on a larger sixUe.
About the s.ame time that l\Ir. Ilarndon started his enter- prise, a similar express was commenced by ..Uvin Adam.':, and another, designed to connect Boston and Xcw York by the Xorthom and Western lines. In the beginning of this undertaking, a carpct-b.sg was sufficient for the nccomnioda- tioni of the entire Imsinc.ss ; .and from this has grown the ■vast Aihims Expres.s busines-s s\dth ita immen.se cai)il;il, its tr.iins of cars, armies and rclay.s of assistants, and wid-.dy- 1‘xtended businc.sa connections.
The foreign express bnsine.ss was established in 1.841) by an agent visiting England. The following year it was ex- tended to Philadelphia and Albany. A year or two later, the line was commenc.'d betwoeu Philadelphia and 'Wash- ington, and a third exprc.s.s from Bo.ston and New Y’ork by the Xcw York and Full Biver line. From Albany to Buf- falo, thence to other cities of the West, express lines were established by the different firms of Wells k C<>., Wells, Fargo k Co,, etc. In 1.840. Adorns A- Co. extended their line to California, and, in 18511, Wells, Fargo A Clx, tlieirs. In 1854. Adams A Co., Hamden Exprc.ss Co.. Kinsley A Co., and Hoey A Co., were consolidak‘d in the Adam.s Expri'ss Co., -whose capital wa.s $1,200,000. At present, the entire capitirl invested in the business is siipjawod tj be hi the neighborhood of thirty million dollars.
. LADIES’ SHOES.
Tlic manufacture of ladic.s' shoes in tlii.i country began early in colonial time.s, and the town of Lynn, in 5Iiussachu- ' fictt-s, has been distinguished for this brmieh of industry almost from the landing of the Pilgrims. Tlic first .shoe- makers in Lyim ai-e said to have been Philip Kertland and Thomas Bridges, in 1035. At first, women's shoes were m.ide in Lynn of woolen cloth or neat leather only. A pair of -white silk wore made for the wedding-day and jirescn-od afterward. Li 1750, the report of the oxcelleiice of Jh / shoes made gave an impetus to the business, wliich soon became the most important indnstiy in the town. I'ntil quite recently, shoes, liotli fi->r men and women's wear, ivciv made euthely by hand, and generidly by indivhlual work- i men. working indr]n-iidently of one another. The shoes I were m:ule witli sharp toes and wooden heels covered -u'ith ! l eather. These were made uutil about 1800, -when they ! were discarded for Ic.ather heels. '
The shoemakers' shop of tlie olden tiiu' was generally from four to twelve feet square, and was occupied by berths, j the space for tho workmen was called, these berth i beiu", in fact, shoemakers’ beuche.s.
The first invention of any imjiortanee in this bi-aneh of iadustry was the pegging-machiiio. Pegged shoe.s, made In- liaud, wore maimfachu-ed in large quiuitities a long tiiii-.‘ before the invention of this m-iehino ; but the machine was confined to coarser work. Tho next im]«oi-t;mt iiiveiition was the last-machine, which svas invented lo- Elias Howe, and pateiiteil in 1846. Prior to this, hidies’ sliocs were bound by hand; but thes.- iiujiroveinents revolutioni-^ed this dei>artmeut of indiustty. Another important invention w.vs the McKay aewing-miichiiie, an invention for Htiti-Iang tiie upiiers and soles together.
In 1870, Lynn produced 187,530 cases of boots and .shoes,
of ;,i:ay jiairs cadi, being lI,2.'jn,niK) paim, valued at $17,000,(100.
COMBS.
Tho mnnnfacfuro of comb,s is one of more imjinrtanoe than might at fimt besuppn.sed, and has bi'eii aconsideniblc iudiLstn-in the L'nited States for more than a century. The colonists imi>ortcd their combs from England, but in 1750 tho first iron comb manufaotoiy in the country was in ex- istence af^l’est Xewbmy, in JIas.sadiusett.s, where the biisi- nc.ss is still extensively can-iiHl on. In the aamc yeai', a manufactory in I’ennsylvania ad^•ertised combs at whole- s;ilo and retail. In 1703, there was a comb factor^" in Bosbm, and two or three in Leominsti‘r, Mas.s. The fti-st machine for making combs was pakuited by Isiuic Tiyon in 1708. As the imiiortation of comb.s almost entirely ceased, th” domestic manufacture was ])ro]iortionaU‘ly increased. In 1809, three manufactories were csti\bhshed in Connec- ticut.
At first the teeth were cut singly by a fine .sk'cl saw; but in 1814 one of the Leominster miinnfuetnrcrb seeuroil a .liatout of u siiw that -I'-ould cut all the teeth at one opera- tion. Another i>atont was granted to a PluKuleliihia mami- hu-fcmvriu 1.818.
The invention of \'ijleauized ladia-nibber, and experi- ments in hard rubber, ro.sulted in the discovery that tliis was ouc of the ]>est and I’heapest materials for making combs ; luid very .superior and highly-finished combs are now made extensively of this material.
CAB I)S.
The construction, by machiuerj-, of cards used in the manufacture of cotton and woolen cloths is one of the nov- elties of modem rudustrx-; and the maohine with ^\■]ueh this tlifficidt and delicate process Is performed i.s an American contributiim to iudustriiil iirogteas. During the colonial period rtf our histoiy, these cai'ils were manufnctiu-ed by hand-labor, aaul were an im])ortaiit branch of industry, con- tinuing in use uutil this centmy. In 1775, Anthony Xiles, of Xorwich, Conn., set up a manufactory fur maldng wires ! to be used in the mauufactme of cards, and the Assembly
ABTILLEBY.
The manufacture of artillery had oommonced in the colo- nies ns e:u-ly its 1661, when cannon and Ciinmm-balls were cast in Ma.s.sachu«'tts. In 1748, a factory at Bridgewater made guns of from 3 to 12-pouudei-s. During the Revolu- tion, caimcm, cannoii-lnills, and .shell were made in Ma.ss.a- chusetts, Rhode Lslaud, (.'omu'eticiit, Xew Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and Maryland. IVilliam Domiiiig made a very effectivo wruught-irou gim of iron staves, lioo|)ed and boxinl :aul breeched like other cannon. In 1810 there avere several factorie.s in the eonnt;y which cast .shot and sliell, and in Richmond, Ya., three I'.stablishmcnt.s were ' con- stnacted, each t>f them id>lo to turn out i>iecc.s of artillery at the rate of three hundred a year. In 1813, a bra.ss foundry at Wjitcvvliet made camion by contract. I'p to 1857, about 3(H),()00 cannon and other implements of war had l>een cost in this conntiy.
'^’ALL-PAPER.
The first mention of Wiill-jnqicr manufactured in this country was in 17(>5, but within ten years of that date there were manufactories of wall-jmpcr in Xew .Tci-scy, Pennsvl- vniiia, Mn.s.sachusetts, and other States. In 1780, the man ufacture of this article in riiiliulelpLin had reached the production of 16,000 pieces a month — a quantity which n-ould scarcely be a day’s work in some establishmenta now. The paper of dome.stie manufacture, lioAvevcr, was of inferior ijuahty,
The first patterns with glazi'd grounds -were made in tho 1 nited Statc.s in 1824; and soon after tliis the very best French designs began to bo imitated hc'rc.
At fii-st the paper was made in sheets, not more than 30 inches in length, and the printing wa.s done by hand, block after block, each of the diircrcnt colors used being printed in succession. Tho introduction of now jiajier-making ma- chines, however, gave the rolls a length of from 1,000 to 2,000 y.ards, and from 20 to 40 inche.s in width. In 1843, an American machine was invented for printing in two colors ; and, ten years later, one for six colors ; while niiw there are machines that will print twenty and more colors at one operation.
JEWELRY.
Providence is the chief sent of this great industry, al- though it is prosecuted vi‘ry heavily iu a number of other towns in Connecticut and Rhode Island.
As early as 1810, a jewelry manufacturer, of Prn-vidonce, was reported as cmiiloying over 100 workmen, with an an- nual production of $100,000. At present that city gives employment in this business to nearly 2,000 men and women.
IIIOX.
The manufacture of iron in the colonies dates from a period very soon after the first settlements. In 1C.20, there were iron-werks at Falling Creek, in the Jamestown
niSTORICAL REGISTER CE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION
40
WiUicT.Jitnnii Mi.numi'nt. 1 Sutuc ut WilUrr^puon. 4. onitum ol' Rev. Mr. AilJtrw. in Madiinery BuiMiiii;. 6. Painlinu Ibc falvutiizcJ iruu I'aylos fur lUo curiii rs of Mcmorl.il Hi.ll,
SCENES ANE INCIDENTS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, EAIRMOUNT PARK, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 15ru, 1S75.
mST0R/CA7^ REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
AliCHITECTS I'llEPAKING PLANS AND DKAWINGS OF CENTENNIAL lIUILDINfiS AT THE AllCHITECTS' HEADQUARTERS,
RiTer. In the following year the entire company were massacred hy the Imlians, except a young boy and girl, who managed to escape. This unfortunate event stopped the manufacture of iron in that locality, and it was not there revived until the year 1712.
In 1GG3, the General Court of Jlaasachusetts granted cer- tain persona the sole right and privilege of making iron for twenty years, allowing them the use of ceiiain lands on which to set uji their furnace.s and forges. It is stated that the first factory established in that State was erected in Lynn. The -village about the works was called Hammer- smith, after the place of the same name in England, and from which many of the workmen here had emigrated. Operations were eoutinm'd here for more than a century. The first article of iron said to have been cast in this coun- try was made at these works, and was a small iron put. capable of holding about a quart.
In 17.j0, there were in existenoi- in this country tlu-ec iron-mills and one furnace. Piulliug-mills were chiefly eni- jdoyed in making imil-rods to be worked iij) i>y hai*d. The deseri))tion of a funiai-e erected iii ITuT, in the town of Carver, i\Iass,, mentions that ten forges were there employed for making bar-iron from scnips, to the extent of 200 tons annually. The fur- nace was 20 ft. high and 8 ft. wide. The bla.st was produced by two bellows, o.ich 22 ft. long aud 4 ft wide, and driven by uwater- vvliCL-l. Ev'ery six mouths, two or three blasts, eon- tinning for sixteen or eighteen weeks, were ma le, e.ach producing about 1,000 tons of hollow %vare ami other articles. This furnace produced, in addition, iron cylinders for slittiug-mills, potash-kilns, stoves, large hammers, cannon-balls, aud a great variety of machinery for mills.
During the continuauLV of the Revolution, the in- creased demand for iron in the maniifactureof wt-npous
of all kinds and for domestic consumption, together with the total stoppage of all foreign supplies, caused an enorm- ous increase in the ijroductiou of this commodity. '
CORDAGE.
The manufactime of conlage was one of the first industri<-s that early engaged the attention of the colonists. In the occupations laid out in Londcui, in 1620, for the Vii'giuia set- tlers, e.speeiul mention is made of the manufacture of cord- age from hemj), flax, and especially from “ .silk - gras.s, " which was aaid to be superior for the purjjose ; and, by enactment, every family wu.s nvpured to cultivate it. The thin hi-mp of New England, whii-h the Indians used, soon attnicted the atteutiun of the Puritiu .settlers, who cm- jfioyed it; and, in the year 1020, hemp-seed for cultivation was received from the mother country. It was, however, thirty years later before the colonists of ^Iiowiichusetts and Conuectieut took any decided step in the mutter of raising hemp, c.speciaUy for cordage for ship-rigging, although John Han-ison had made cordage in Boston as early ua 1031, aud
John Heymau was authorized to make ropes and lines in Charleston in 1G62. The bn.siness soon spix-ad i-apidly through the colonies, and, in the yeiu' 1G08, there -were .seveiiil ropewidks in Philadeljdiia.
Providence and Newimil were also early engaged in the mannfiieture of cordage, and in 17:10 liad several manufac- tories in operation, In 1704, ^'irgiuia, as-wcll as Mai-ylaud. Inul more rop<-walks than any two of the Northern and Ea.stem States,
A si)iiining and twi.sting mill f<ir inukiug cordage was pah-nted in the ljnit«-d States in 1S04. In ISOM, the Jlassn- chnsetts mannfaetiirei-s i)etiti<nied Cungreas for dutv on the importeil articles, though imi.li of the flax wurked into cordage came from ain-ouil. In 1810, the domestic manu- facture of cordage <if all kiud.s was claimed to be fully equal to the home demand ; and, l)eside.s the many manufactories oil the Atloiitie const, Kcntiieky had ut that time fifteen I'opewalk-s. In 1811, though the eountiy -was still import- ing immense quantities of henq) from abroad, and princi- pally from Kn.ssia. tin- Seeivtary of the Navy, in a report.
ndrised nn annual npjiro- pi'iation for hemp for the use of the navy.
There wa-s in use at this time, ill this eountiy, a 111 a chine in which the threads were iiassed through jierforated iron pliib's, and through iron tnln-s, of ditt'i rent dimen- sions. for Yiirions sizes of rojies. In 18:!4, a new ina- chiiip was introduced in New York, which spun iv)pe-yani from hemp, without the usual 7(o/(7Wf«{7 jirocess, and thus saved from 8 to 10 jier cent, of the niaU-riil. And so. from till- earliest mai-ufactiirc of ctu'dage, rujiid progi-ess 1ms been made — from the use of hoi-se-2Jo-tter to that of steiun-])ower — until the lab-st iniin-ovcments enable the largest ropes to be made U8 well as the smaUfst twine, ami a single e.stablisliment can make all the rigging foi the use of the largest ship.
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.
r.i
PAPEE,
Tlu‘ first pfipfv-uiill in AuipriL'ii, of wliieli we liave any account, was orected at Roxborougli, near Germantown, in Pennsylvania, as early as tlic year lG9:i. Tliis was fifty years after printing liail betai introduced into the colonies, but only five or six years after a proclamation hud been | i «ued by the English Government for thi' eshtblishnu’nt of , the first munnfaetory of white paper